Slides for Chapter 3:

Networking and Internetworking

From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair

Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 5, Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 3.1
Network performance

km

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Figure 3.2
Conceptual layering of protocol software

Message sent Message received

Layer n

Layer 2

Layer 1

Sender Communication Recipient

medium

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Figure 3.3
Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocols

Application-layer message

Presentation header

Session header

Transport header

Network header

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Figure 3.4
Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

Message sent Message received

Layers
Application
Presentation

Session
Transport
Network
Data link

Physical
Sender Communication Recipient
medium

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Figure 3.5
OSI protocol summary

Layer Description Examples

Application Protocolsthataredesignedtomeetthecommunicationrequirementsof HTTP,FTP ,SMTP,
specificapplications,oftendefiningtheinterfacetoaservice. CORBAIIOP
Presentation Protocolsatthisleveltransmitdatainanetworkrepresentationthatis SecureSockets
independentoftherepresentationsusedinindividualcomputers,whichmay (SSL),CORBAData
differ.Encryptionisalsoperformedinthislayer,ifrequired. Rep.
Session Atthislevelreliabilityandadaptationareperformed,suchasdetectionof
failuresandautomaticrecovery.
Transport Thisisthelowestlevelatwhichmessages(ratherthanpackets)arehandled. TCP,UDP
Messagesareaddressedtocommunicationportsattachedtoprocesses,
Protocolsinthislayermaybeconnectionorientedorconnectionless.
Network Transfersdatapacketsbetweencomputersinaspecificnetwork.InaWAN IP,ATMvirtual
oraninternetworkthisinvolvesthegenerationofaroutepassingthrough circuits
routers.InasingleLANnoroutingisrequired.
Datalink Responsiblefortransmissionofpacketsbetweennodesthataredirectly EthernetMAC,
connectedbyaphysicallink.InaWANtransmissionisbetweenpairsof ATMcelltransfer,
routersorbetweenroutersandhosts.InaLANitisbetweenanypairofhosts. PPP
Physical Thecircuitsandhardwarethatdrivethenetwork.Ittransmitssequencesof Ethernetbaseband
binarydatabyanaloguesignalling,usingamplitudeorfrequencymodulation signalling, ISDN
ofelectricalsignals(oncablecircuits),lightsignals(onfibreopticcircuits)
orotherelectromagneticsignals(onradioandmicrowavecircuits).

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Figure 3.6
Internetwork layers

Message
Layers

Application

Internetwork
Transport protocols

Internetwork
Internetwork packets

Network interface
Underlying
Network-specific packets network
protocols
Underlying network

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Figure 3.7
Routing in a wide area network

A 1 B

2
Hosts
Links
or local 3 4
C
networks
5
D 6 E

Routers

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Figure 3.8
Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7

RoutingsfromA RoutingsfromB RoutingsfromC

To Link Cost To Link Cost To Link Cost
A local 0 A 1 1 A 2 2
B 1 1 B local 0 B 2 1
C 1 2 C 2 1 C local 0
D 3 1 D 1 2 D 5 2
E 1 2 E 4 1 E 5 1

RoutingsfromD RoutingsfromE

To Link Cost To Link Cost

A 3 1 A 4 2
B 3 2 B 4 1
C 6 2 C 5 1
D local 0 D 6 1
E 6 1 E local 0

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Figure 3.9
Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm

Send:EachtsecondsorwhenTlchanges,sendTloneachnonfaultyoutgoinglink.
Receive:WheneveraroutingtableTrisreceivedonlinkn:
forallrowsRrinTr{
if(Rr.link|n){
Rr.cost=Rr.cost+1;
Rr.link=n;
if(Rr.destinationisnotinTl)addRrtoTl;
//addnewdestinationtoTl
elseforallrowsRlinTl{
if(Rr.destination=Rl.destinationand
(Rr.cost<Rl.costorRl.link=n))Rl=Rr;
//Rr.cost<Rl.cost:remotenodehasbetterroute
//Rl.link=n:remotenodeismoreauthoritative
}
}
}

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Figure 3.10
Simplified view of part of a university campus network

router/
Campus138.37.95.240/29 138.37.95.241 firewall
router subnet hammer
Staff subnet Student subnet
138.37.88 138.37.88.251 138.37.94.251 138.37.94
compute file server/
server Eswitch Eswitch gateway
bruno
138.37.88.249 custard
138.37.94.246 printers
dialup
server

henry
138.37.88.230 other
file servers
server
hotpoint
138.37.88.162
web
server
copper
138.37.88.248
hub hub

desktop computers 138.37.88.xx desktop computers 138.37.94.xx

Campus138.37.95.248/29 sickle
router/ 100 Mbps Ethernet
router subnet 138.37.95.249 firewall
1000 Mbps Ethernet
Eswitch: Ethernet switch

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Figure 3.11
Tunnelling for IPv6 migration

IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 packets

IPv4 network
IPv6 IPv6
A B

Encapsulators

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Figure 3.12
TCP/IP layers

Message
Layers

Application
Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP)

Transport
UDP or TCP packets

Internet
IP datagrams

Network interface
Network-specific frames

Underlying network

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Figure 3.13
Encapsulation in a message transmitted via TCP over an Ethernet

Application message

TCP header port

IP header TCP

Ethernet header IP

Ethernet frame

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Figure 3.14
The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP Internet

Application Application

TCP UDP

IP

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Figure 3.15
Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bits

7 24
Class A: 0 Network ID Host ID

14 16
Class B: 1 0 Network ID Host ID

28 21 8
Class C: 1 1 0 Network ID Host ID

28
Class D (multicast): 1 1 1 0 Multicast address

27
Class E (reserved): 1 1 1 1 0 unused

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Figure 3.16
Decimal representation of Internet addresses

octet 1 octet 2 octet 3 Range of addresses

Network ID Host ID
1.0.0.0 to
Class A: 1 to 127 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 127.255.255.255
Network ID Host ID
Class B: 128 to 191 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.255
Network ID Host ID
192.0.0.0 to
Class C: 192 to 223 0 to 255 0 to 255 1 to 254
223.255.255.255
Multicast address
Class D (multicast): 224 to 239 0 to 255 0 to 255 1 to 254 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255

Class E (reserved): 240 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 1 to 254 240.0.0.0 to

255.255.255.255

InstructorsGuideforCoulouris,Dollimore,KindbergandBlair,DistributedSystems:ConceptsandDesignEdn.5
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Figure 3.17
IP packet layout

header
IP address of source IP address of destination data
up to 64 kilobytes

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Figure 3.18
A typical NAT-based home network

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Figure 3.19
IPv6 header layout

Version (4 Traffic class (8 Flow label (20

bits)Payload length
bits)(16 Nextbits)
header (8 Hop limit (8
bits) bits) bits)
Source
(128
address
bits)

Destination
(128
address
bits)

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Figure 3.20
The MobileIP routing mechanism

Sender Subsequent IP packets

tunnelled to FA Mobile host MH
Address of FA
returned to sender
First IP packet
addressed to MH
Internet
Foreign agent FA
Home
agent First IP packet
tunnelled to FA

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Figure 3.21
Firewall configurations

a) Filtering router
Protected intranet
Router/
filter

Internet

web/ftp
server

b) Filtering router and bastion R/filter Bastion

Internet

web/ftp
server

c) Screened subnet for bastion R/filter Bastion R/filter

Internet

web/ftp
server

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Figure 3.22
IEEE 802 network standards

IEEENo. Name Title Reference

802.3 Ethernet CSMA/CDNetworks(Ethernet) [IEEE1985a]

802.4 TokenBusNetworks [IEEE1985b]

802.5 TokenRingNetworks [IEEE1985c]

802.6 MetropolitanAreaNetworks [IEEE1994]

802.11 WiFi WirelessLocalAreaNetworks [IEEE1999]

802.15.1 Bluetooth WirelessPersonalAreaNetworks [IEEE2002]

802.15.4 ZigBee WirelessSensorNetworks [IEEE2003]

802.16 WiMAX WirelessMetropolitanAreaNetworks [IEEE2004a]

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Figure 3.23
Ethernet ranges and speeds

10Base5 10BaseT 100BaseT 1000BaseT

Datarate 10Mbps 10Mbps 100Mbps 1000Mbps

Max.segmentlengths:

Twistedwire(UTP) 100m 100m 100m 25m

Coaxialcable(STP) 500m 500m 500m 25m

Multimodefibre 2000m 2000m 500m 500m

Monomodefibre 25000m 25000m 20000m 2000m

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Figure 3.24
Wireless LAN configuration

A B C
Laptops

radio obstruction
Wireless
LAN
Palmtop D E

Server Base station/

access point

LAN

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Figure 3.25
Bluetooth frame structure

bits:72 18 18 18 02744

Accesscode Header Header Header Datafortransmission

copy1 copy2 copy3

Header

bits:3 1 1 1 4 8

Destination Flow Ack Seq Type Headerchecksum

Addresswithin =ACL,SCO,
Piconet poll,null

SCOpackets(e.g.forvoicedata)havea240bitpayloadcontaining80bits
ofdatatriplicated,fillingexactlyonetimeslot.

InstructorsGuideforCoulouris,Dollimore,KindbergandBlair,DistributedSystems:ConceptsandDesignEdn.5
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