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4.2ieee 802

The document discusses IEEE 802 standards for local area networks, including Ethernet (802.3), Token Bus (802.4), and Token Ring (802.5). It describes the physical implementations and protocols of each standard and compares their characteristics and performance.

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106 views

4.2ieee 802

The document discusses IEEE 802 standards for local area networks, including Ethernet (802.3), Token Bus (802.4), and Token Ring (802.5). It describes the physical implementations and protocols of each standard and compares their characteristics and performance.

Uploaded by

Vishnu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

IEEE 802.3,802.4 and 802.

5
IEEE 802 Standard
Refers to a family of IEEE standards
Deals with LAN and MAN
802.3 - Ethernet
802.4 - Token Bus
802.5 - Token Ring
Standards differ at the physical layer, but are compatible at the data-
link layer
802.3 - Ethernet
Began as ALOHA, added carrier sense
Xerox PARC built 3 Mbps version for workstations and
called it Ethernet
old scientist dudes thought waves propagated through
substance called ether, so a geeky joke
Xerox, DEC and Intel made 10 Mbps standard
1 to 10 Mbps
not Ethernet, but close enough
Ethernet Cabling
10Base5 - Thick Ethernet
10 Mbps, 500 meters
10Base2 - Thin Ethernet or Thinnet
BNC connectors, or T-junctions
Easier and more reliable than 10Base5
But only 200 meters and 30 stations per segment
All on one line, then difficult to find break
domain reflectometry
hubs
Three kinds of Ethernet Cabling
Cable Topologies
Encoding
0 volts for 0 and 5 volts for 1 can be misleading
Want start, middle and end of each bit without
reference to external clock
Manchester Encoding
Differential Manchester Encoding uses changes
Ethernet Protocol
Preamble: 10101010 to allow clock synch
Start of Frame: 10101011
Source and Destination addr: 2 or 6 bytes
1 for high order bit means multicast
all 1s means broadcast
Length: data length, 46 to 1500
very small frames, problems, so pad to 46
Short, Short Frames

Frame must be > 2


Otherwise, how to tell collision from short frame?
Collision Action?
If collision, then wait 0 or 1 slot
If another collision, then wait 0, 1, 2, 3 slots
If another collision, then wait 0 to 23-1 slots
After i collisions, wait 0 to 2i-1 slots
called binary exponential backoff
why is this a good idea? Consider other options
After 10 collisions, wait 0 to 1023 slots
After 16 collisions, throw in the towel
Now,Where Were We?
Introduction
Multiple Access Protocols
IEEE 802 Standard
Ethernet (802.3)
Token Bus (802.4)
Token Ring (802.5)
Misc
Ethernet Performance
Mean frame transmission time, P sec
Probability that a frame transmits, A
(complicated stuff skipped)
Channel Efficiency = ___P____
P + 2/A
The longer the cable, the longer the contention
period
Longest path is 2.5km + 4 repeaters, 51.2 secs
At 10 Mbps is 512 or 64 bytes, shortest frame
1 Gbps Ethernet is even longer! (or shorter cable)
Ethernet Performance (cont.)
Convert previous formula to:
Frame length F
Network bandwidth B
Cable len L
Cable propagation speed c
(complicated stuff skipped)
Channel Efficiency = _____1_____
1 + 2BLe/cF
But everyone wants high-bandwidth, WAN!
Then they better not use Ethernet
Ethernet Performance and Frame Size
Ethernet Perf Final Thoughts ...
Lots of theoretical work on Ethernet perf
all assumes traffic is Poisson
Turns out, traffic is self-similar
averaging over long-periods of time does not smooth out traffic (same
variance each time interval)
bi-modal (packets are either big or small)
Take models with grain of salt
Saturated LAN
Net saturated? Add bandwidth good idea?
Expensive to replace cards
Efficiency
Instead Switched LANs
Switch with high-speed backplane with connected
cards (typically, 1 Gbps)
When receives frame, sees if destined for another on
same line, forwards as needed
different than hub or repeater
Can reduce or eliminate contention
Switched LANs

If all input ports connected to Hubs, then have


802.3 to 802.3 bridge (later)
Industry Complaints with 802.3
Worst case transmission is unbounded
for automated systems, sending control signals to
machines requires real-time response
All traffic of equal importance
emergency shutoff better make it through
Physical ring has constant delay
if n stations and takes T sec to send a frame, max is nT
sec to wait
but breaks in ring will bring whole net down
ring is poor fit for linear assembly line
Solution? Token Bus
802.4 - Token Bus

Physical line or tree, but logical ring.


Stations know left and right stations.
Token Bus
Physical order of stations does not matter
line is broadcast medium
Send token by addressing neighbor
Provisions for adding, deleting stations

Physical layer is not at all compatible with 802.3


A very complicated standard
Token Bus Sub-Layer Protocol
Send for some time, then pass token
If no data, then pass token right away
Traffic classes: 0, 2, 4 and 6 (highest)
internal substations for each station
Set timer for how long to transmit
ex: 50 stations and 10 Mbps
want priority 6 to have 1/3 bandwidth
then 67 Kbps each, enough for voice + control
Token Bus Frame Format

No length field
Data can be much larger (timers prevent hogs)
Frame control
ack required?
Data vs. Control frame - how is ring managed?
Token Bus Control Frame Summary
802.5 - Token Ring
Around for years
Physical point-to-point
connections
Bounded delay
Dealing with Bit Length
Data rate of R Mbps
Bit emitted every 1/R sec
Travels 200 m/sec
each bit 200/R meters
Ex: 1 Mbps ring, with 1000 meter ring can have only 5
bits on it at once!
Reading and Writing Bits

Listen Mode Transmit Mode


Token Part of Token Ring
Token circles around the ring
note, token needs to fit on the ring
if too big, then stations have to buffer, always
When station wants to transmit, seizes token
looks like a data frame but for 1 bit
Puts its data bits onto ring
no physical frame limit
Once bits go around, removed by sender
Regenerates token
Acknowledgement by adding bit
Brief Note on Performance
Light load
token circles
station grabs, transmits, regenerates token
Heavy load
each station sends, regenerates
next station grabs token
round-robin
nearly 100% efficiency
Token Ring Physical Topology
Token Ring Sublayer Protocol

Delimiters use invalid Manchester codes


End delimiter has bit for error
Access control has token bit
Frame control has Arrive and Check bits
A=0, C=0 destination not present
A=1, C=0 destination up, not accept frame
A=1, C=1 destination up, frame copied
Ring Maintenance
Monitor station (unlike decentralize token bus)
does a claim_token upon initial ring power-up
handles lost token, broken ring, cleaning ring (in case of
garbage frame), orphan frame
Timer to handle lost token
longest possible token cycle
drain ring and re-generate
Sets monitor bit to catch orphan frame
if returns and is set, frame was not drained
Extra buffer in case ring is too short
Maintenance of Token Bus vs. Ring
Token bus had nothing centralized
all stations peers
scared that master station would go down
Token ring felt centralized was more efficient
normal systems, stations hardly ever crash
Comparison: 802.3, 802.4, 802.5
802.3 (Ethernet)
pros: popular, simple, reliable
cons: non-deterministic, no priorities, min frame size
802.4 (Token Bus)
pros: reliable equipment, more deterministic, priorities
cons: complex protocols, hard to implement in fiber, not
popular
802.5 (Token Ring)
pros: fully digital, cheap to install, priorities
cons: delay at low load, monitor is critical component
Usually, all perform roughly the same
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and
Gateways

(a) Which device is in which layer.


(b) Frames, packets, and headers.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011

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