5.

4
Differentiation and Integration of
E
2012
 The Natural Exponential Function
The function f(x) = ln x is increasing on its entire domain,
and therefore it has an inverse function f 1.
The domain of f 1 is the set of all reals, and the range is the
set of positive reals, as shown in Figure 5.19.

Figure 5.19
 The Natural Exponential Function
So, for any real number x,

If x happens to be rational, then

Because the natural logarithmic function is one-to-one, you

can conclude that f 1(x) and ex agree for rational values of x.
 The Natural Exponential Function
The following definition extends the meaning of ex to
include all real values of x.

The inverse relationship between the natural logarithmic

function and the natural exponential function can be
summarized as follows.
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
Definition of the Natural Exponential Function
The inverse of f ( x) ln x is called the natural exponential
function and is denoted by

f ( x) e .
-1 x

That is,
Solve
for x

y e ln y x.
x
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
This inverse relationship
ln(e ) x and e
x ln x
x
x 1
Solve 7 e
x 1
ln 7 ln(e )
ln 7 x 1
x ln 7 1 0.946
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
Solve ln(2 x 3) 5
e 2x 3
5

2x e 35

x e 3
1 5
2 x 75.707
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
THM 5.10 Operations with Exponential Functions
Let a and b be any real numbers.
a b
1. e e e
a b

a
e a b
2. b e
e
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
a b
Use the Laws of Logarithms to prove: e e e a b

ln(e e ) ln e
a b a b
ln x is one-to-one
ln e ln e
a b
Laws of Logarithms
ab Inverse Functions
a b
ln(e ) Inverse Functions
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
Properties of the Natural Exponential Function
1. The domain of f ( x) e x is -, , and the range is 0, .

2. The function f ( x) e is continuous, increasing, and

x

one-to-one.
3. The graph of f ( x) e x is concave upward on its entire domain.

4. lim e x 0 and lim e x

x x
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
d x d u u du
1. e e 2.
x
e e
dx dx dx Chain
Rule

Prove: #1 ln e x
x
Identity
d d
u ' dx ln e dx x
x
Differentiate both sides
d x
u 1 d x
e 1 e e x
x
e dx dx
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
d 3 / x
d 2 x 1 e ?
e ? dx
dx
d 3 x1
e 2 x 1
2 2e 2 x 1
dx
e

3 / x 3
e 2
x
3/ x
3e
2
x
 Find the relative extrema of f ( x) xe . x

f '( x) (1)e xe
x x

e x 1 x 1 is a critical #
x

1, e is a relative min. (1st derivative test)

1

Interval x 1 1 x 1 x
Test Value x 2 x0 x2
Sign of f '( x) negative positive positive
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Increasing
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration

1, e
1
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration

THM 5.12 Integration Rules for Exponential Functions

Let u be a differential function of x.

1. e x dx e x C 2. eu du eu C

2. e du
u
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
e
3 x 1
dx ?
u 3x 1 du 3dx
5xe
x2
dx ?
1 u
e du u x du 2 xdx
2
3
1 u 5 u
e C
3

2 e du
1 3 x 1
e C
5 x2
3
e C
2
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
1/ x
e
x dx ?
sin xe
2 cos x
dx ?
1 1
u du 2 dx u cos x du sin xdx
x x
e duu
e du u

e1/ x
C
e cos x
C
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration
1

x
e dx ?
0
u x du dx
1 0
e du e du
u u
0 1
0
e u
1

e e 0 1

1
1 0.632
e
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration

e cos e dx ?
0
u e du e dx
x x x x

1
1 cos u du ? sin u e1
1

1
sin1 sin e 0.482
 5.4 Exponential Functions:
Differentiation and Integration

Page. 356
33,34, 35 51 odd, 57, 58, 65, 69, 85 91odd,
99-105 odd