Module 4

NETWORKING MODELS

IT Infrastructures & Network Applications (ITINFRA)

Quick Kit

Developed By:
Mr. Peter Abraham T. Solquillo
Mr. Gary R. Soriano
Faculty - Computer Applications Program
 Network Models
• OSI Model
– Open Systems Interconnect / Interconnectivity
– Model by ISO (International Standards
Organization)
• TCP/IP Model
– Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol
– Model by the US Department of Defense (DoD)
 Channelled Data

• Data being passed through a network is done

in several steps/processes.
• Each process requires certain values for
which data will be analyzed and sent to a
different area.
Visual Representation of Layers
• Network
– Post Office
• What is flowing?
– Sent Items
• Different Forms?
– Letters, packages, parcels, money orders
• Rules
– Rules for packaging & attaching postage
• Where?
– P.O. boxes, offices, trucks, planes,
delivery people
 Why Layer Data?
• It was developed to accommodate changes
in technology.
• Each layer of a specific network model may
be responsible for a different function of
the network.
• Each layer will pass information up and
down to the next subsequent layer as data is
processed.
 Protocols
• A set of rules or an agreement that
determines the format and transmission of
data in a network.
• In data communications, data is being
passed through several phases. During a
phase, data is changed so that the next
process will be able to read that data.
The OSI Model
• This model, released in
1984 was the descriptive
network model that the ISO
created.
• It provided vendors with a
set of standards that ensured
greater compatibility and
interoperability among
various network technologies
produced by companies
around the world
 Benefits of the OSI Model
• Reduces complexity
• Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Ensures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching and learning
THE OSI LAYERS
 The PHYSICAL Layer
• Translates communications requests from
the Data Link Layer into hardware-specific
operations to effect transmission or
reception of electronic signals.
• Provides an electrical, mechanical, and
procedural interface to the
transmission medium.
• Binary Transmission: wires, connectors,
voltages, data rates
 Layer 1 Services
• Modulation
• Line Coding
• Bit Synchronization
• Bit Interleaving
• Channel Coding
 The DATA LINK Layer
• It responds to service requests from the
Network Layer (Layer 3) and issues service
requests to the Physical Layer (Layer 1).
• Provides the functional & procedural means
to transfer data between network entities
and might provide the means to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer
• Consists of two sub layers:
– LLC (Logic Link Control)
– MAC (Media Access Control)
• LLC (Logical Link Layer)
– Multiplexing protocols transmitted over the MAC
layer (when transmitting) and demultiplexing them
(when receiving)
– Providing flow and error control
• MAC (Media Access Control)
– Provides addressing and channel access control
mechanisms that make it possible for several
terminals or network nodes to communicate within
a multipoint network
– acts as an interface between the
Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer and
the network's physical layer
Layer 2 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
• Error Detection
• Flow Control

PROTOCOLS
• Ethernet
• Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
• Frame Relay
• Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
• Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
 The NETWORK Layer
• Responds to service requests from the
Transport Layer and issues service requests
to the Data Link Layer.
• Provides the functional & procedural means
of transferring variable length data
sequences from a source to a destination via
one or more networks while maintaining the
quality of service, & error control functions
 Layer 3 Protocols
PROTOCOLS
• X.25 (Obsolete)
• IPv4
• IPv6
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
 The TRANSPORT Layer
• Responsible for delivering data to the
appropriate application process on the host
computers.
• Ensures properly sequenced and error free
transmission
Layer 4 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
• Flow Control
• Byte Orientation
• Ports

PROTOCOLS
• Transmission Control
• User Datagram
• Datagram Congestion Control
• Stream Control Transmission
 The SESSION Layer
• Responds to service requests from the
Presentation Layer (Layer 6) and issues
service requests to the Transport Layer
(Layer 4)
• Provides the mechanism for opening, closing
and managing a session between end-user
application processes
Layer 5 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
• Authentication
• Permissions
• Session Restoration

PROTOCOLS
• Network Basic I/O System (NetBIOS)
• Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
• Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP)
 The PRESENTATION Layer
• Responds to service requests from the
Application Layer and issues service
requests to the Session Layer
• Responsible for the delivery and formatting
of information to the application layer for
further processing or display.
• Relieves the application layer of concern
regarding syntactical differences in
data representation within the
end-user systems
Layer 6 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
• Encryption
• Compression

PROTOCOLS
• ASCII
• EBCDIC
 The APPLICATION Layer
• Interfaces directly to and performs common
application services for the application
processes.
• Services provide semantic conversion
between associated application processes.
Layer 7 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
• Virtual File & Terminal
• Job Transfer

PROTOCOLS
• Torrents
• Telecommunication Network (Telnet)
• Post Office Protocol (POP, POP3)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• HTTP
The TCP/IP Model
• Also known as the Internet
Protocol Suite (IPS)
• Set of communications
protocols used for the
Internet and other similar
networks.
• Each layer solves a set of
problems involving the
transmission of data, and
provides a well-defined
service to the upper layer
protocols based on using
services from some lower
layers.
 IPS Emergence
• A better “ARPANET”
• Introduced by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf
• Devised a way to make “layers” simplified
and it should interface with other networks,
regardless of architecture.
 IPS Timeline
• 1975
– A test was performed between Stanford and
University College London.
• 1977
– a three-network TCP/IP test was conducted
between the U.S., UK, and Norway
• 1982
– US Department of Defense made TCP/IP the
standard for all military computer networking
• January 1, 1983
– Full control of TCP/IP over ARPANET
THE IPS LAYERS
 The LINK Layer
• A group of methods, protocols, and
specifications that is closest to the physical
network components used to connect hosts
or nodes in the network.
• A suite of methods that operate only on the
link between adjacent network nodes.
 Link Layer Protocols
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 The INTERNET Layer
• It is used to transport datagrams (packets)
from the originating host across network
boundaries.
• Responsible in connecting multiple networks
with each other through gateways.
 Internet Layer Protocols
• Internet Protocol (IPv4, IPv6)
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
 The TRANSPORT Layer
• Responsible for encapsulating application
data blocks into datagrams (packets)
suitable for transfer to the network
infrastructure for transmission to the
destination host, or managing the reverse
transaction by abstracting network
datagrams and delivering them to an
application
 Link Layer Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
(DCCP)
• Resource reservation protocol (RSVP)
• Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
 The APPLICATION Layer
• Refers to networking protocols that are used
to support various services such as FTP,
Telnet, and BOOTP.
Comparison of Models

OSI Model IPS Model