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Lecture Week 10: - Number Patterns - Triangular, Square and Pentagonal Numbers - Derive Formulae From Number Patterns

Triangular, square, and pentagonal numbers are types of figurate numbers that follow specific patterns. Triangular numbers are the sum of consecutive integers up to n, or n(n+1)/2. Square numbers are perfect squares with the formula n^2. Pentagonal numbers follow the formula n(3n-1)/2. Pythagoras and his followers discovered relationships between these numbers such as triangular numbers summing to square numbers.

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592 views

Lecture Week 10: - Number Patterns - Triangular, Square and Pentagonal Numbers - Derive Formulae From Number Patterns

Triangular, square, and pentagonal numbers are types of figurate numbers that follow specific patterns. Triangular numbers are the sum of consecutive integers up to n, or n(n+1)/2. Square numbers are perfect squares with the formula n^2. Pentagonal numbers follow the formula n(3n-1)/2. Pythagoras and his followers discovered relationships between these numbers such as triangular numbers summing to square numbers.

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PeiEnOng
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE WEEK 10

. Number Patterns
Triangular, square and pentagonal numbers
Derive formulae from number patterns
Number Sequences
Square Numbers
Square numbers are so called because they can be arranged as a square array of dots.

1 4 9 16 25 36

1 x 1 2 x 2
= 12 = 22 3 x 3 4 x 4
= 32 = 42 5 x 5
= 52 6 x 6
= 62

49 64 81 100

7 x 7
= 72 8 x 8
9 x 9
= 82 10 x 10
= 92
= 102
Where do we commonly see Square Numbers?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
25 49
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
5 x 5 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
= 52 7 x 7
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
= 72
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Sometimes its convenient to use the letter S n to represent the nth square number, like below.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
Complete the
table below S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S20 S30 S40 S50 S60
for larger
square 121 144 169 196 225 400 900 1600 2500 3600
numbers.
The rule for the nth square number is simply n2
Number Sequences
Triangular Numbers
Triangular numbers are so called because they can be arranged in a triangular array of dots.

1 3 6 10 15 21

1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4 1+2+3+4+5 1+2+3+4+5+6


1

28 36 45 55

1+2+3+4+5+6+7 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10

To find the nth triangular number you simply add up all the numbers from 1 to n
If you dont know the rule for this then there is a clue below that
should help you figure out a method for the numbers 1 to 10.

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
55

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 T10
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
Adding in pairs gives: sum of the numbers from (1 10) = 5 x 11 = 55 = T10

This method of adding in pairs can be used to add up any set of consecutive
whole numbers from (1 n). What do the numbers from 1 to 100 add up to?

1 + 2 + 3 + + 98 + 99 + 100 50 x 101 = 5050 = T100

What about in general


n (n 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + + (n-2) + (n-1) + n Sum(1 n )
2
Tn
Sometimes its convenient to use the letter T n to represent the nth triangular number, like below.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55

1
Which triangular numbers are also square?
and
36

Complete the table below


n (n 1)
using the formula Tn
for larger triangular numbers. 2
T11 T12 T15 T17 T20 T25 T30 T35 T50 T100
66 78 120 153 210 325 465 630 1275 5050
Look at the table of triangular numbers below. Can you find a link to square numbers

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55

Any pair of adjacent triangular numbers add to a square number


1+3=4 3+6=9 6 + 10 = 16 45 + 55 = 100

The followers of Pythagoras in ancient Greece were the first people


to discover this relationship. By drawing a single straight line on the
diagram below can you see why this is.

Pythagoras (570-500 b.c.)

36
c

64 36 + 28 = 64 a

a2 + b2 = c2

28 b
Formula and diagramatic form
of pentagonal number

It can be denoted as 1, 5, 12,22 ,34 in below


The formula to find the nth pentagonal number is

_______________
n( 3n 1)
2
SUMMARY

Triangular Numbers: Square Numbers: Pentagonal Numbers:


1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ n 1 + 3 + 5 + ...+ 2n 1 1 + 4 + 7 + ...+ 3n 2
= n(n + 1)/2 = n2 = n(3n 1)/2
Pythagoras and his followers discovered many patterns and relationships between whole numbers.

Triangular Numbers: Square Numbers: Pentagonal Numbers: Hexagonal Numbers:


1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ n 1 + 3 + 5 + ...+ 2n 1 1 + 4 + 7 + ...+ 3n 2 1 + 5 + 9 + ...+ 4n 3
= n(n + 1)/2 = n2 = n(3n 1)/2 = 2n2-n
These figurate numbers were extended into 3 dimensional space and became
polyhedral numbers. They also studied the properties of many other types of
number such as Abundant, Defective, Perfect and Amicable.
In Pythagorean numerology numbers were assigned characteristics or attributes. Odd numbers were regarded as
male and even numbers as female.
11 The number of reason (the generator of all numbers)
11 The number of opinion (The first female number)
11 The number of harmony (the first proper male number)
11 The number of justice or retribution, indicating the squaring of accounts (Fair and square)
11 The number of marriage (the union of the first male and female numbers)
11 The number of creation (male + female + 1)
10. The number of the Universe (The tetractys. The most important of all numbers representing the sum
of all possible geometric dimensions. 1 point + 2 points (line) + 3 points (surface) + 4 points (plane)
The End

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