Fuzzy Inference and Reasonin

g
Proposition

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Logic variable

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Basic connectives for logic variable
s
(1)Negation

(2)Conjunction

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Basic connectives for logic variable
s
(3) Disjunction

(4)Implication

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Logical function

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Logic Formula

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Tautology

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Tautology

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Predicate logic

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 Fuzzy Propositions

Assuming that truthand falsity are expres

sed by values 1 and 0, respectively, the de
gree of truth of each fuzzy proposition is
expressed by a number in the unit interva
l [0, 1].
Fuzzy Propositions
p : temperature (V) is high (F).
 Fuzzy Propositions
p : V is F is S

V is a variable that takes values v from some universal s

et V
F is a fuzzy set onV that represents a fuzzy predicate
S is a fuzzy truth qualifier
In general, the degree of truth, T(p), of any truth-qualifi
ed proposition p is given for each v e V by the equation

T(p) = S(F(v)).
p : Age (V) is very(S) young (F).
Representation of Fuzzy Rule

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Representation of Fuzzy Rule

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 Fuzzy rule as a relation
If x is A, then y is B
x is A, y is B fuzzy predicates A( x), B( y )
If A( x), then B( y )
can be represente d by relation
R( x, y ) : A( x) B( y )
R( x, y ) can be considered a fuzzy set with 2 - dim membership function
R ( x, y ) f ( A ( x), B ( y ))
where f is " fuzzy implicatio n function" , performs the task
of transform ing the membership degrees of x in A and y in B
into those of ( x, y ) in A B

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Fuzzy implications

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Example of Fuzzy implications

Let T and H be universe of temperatu re and humidity,

and define variables t T and h H.
A " high" , A T
B " fairly high" , B H
then the rule can be rewritten as
R(t, h) : If t is A, then h is B
R(t) : t is A, R(h) : h is B
R(t, h) : R(t) R(h)
R(t, h) A B A (t ) B (h) /(t , h)
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Example of Fuzzy implications

R(t, h) A B A (t ) B (h) /(t , h)

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Example of Fuzzy implications
When " temperatur e is fairly high" or t is A ' , A ' T

We can use composition of fuzzy relations to find R(h)

R( h) R(t ' ) R C (t , h)

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Representation of Fuzzy Rule
Single input and single output
Fact: u is A ' : R (u )
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u ) oR(u, w)

Multiple inputs and single output

Fact: u1 is A1' ' and u2 is A2' ' and ... and un is An' '
Rule: If u1 is A1 and u2 is A2 and ... and un is An then w is C
Result: w is C '

Multiple inputs and Multiple outputs

Fact: u1 is A1' and u2 is A2' and ... and un is An'
Rule: If u1 is A1 and u2 is A2 and ... and un is An then w1 is C1 , w2 is C2 ,..., wm is Cm
Result: w1 is C1' , w2 is C2' ,..., wm is Cm'
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 Representation of Fuzzy Rule
Multiple rules
Fact : u1 is A' 1 and u2 is A ' 2 and ... and u n is A' n
Rule j : If u1 is A' 1 j and u2 is A ' 2 j and ... and u n is A' nj , then w 1j is C '1j , w 2j is C ' 2j , ..., w mj is C ' mj
Result : w 1 is C '1 , w 2 is C ' 2 , ..., w m is C ' m

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 Compositional rule of inference
The inference procedure is called as the compositional rule of inference. The
inference is determined by two factors : implication operator and
composition operator.

For the implication, the two operators are often used:

For the composition, the two operators are often used:

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Representation of Fuzzy Rule

Fact: u is A ' : R (u )
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u ) oR(u, w)

Max-min composition operator

R(u , w) : A C

Mamdani: min operator for the implication

Larsen: product operator for the implication 27
 One singleton input and one fuzzy output
Mamdani
Fact: u is A ' : R (u )
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u ) oR(u, w)

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 One singleton input and one fuzzy output
Mamdani

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 One singleton input and one fuzzy output
Larsen
Fact: u is A ' : R (u )
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u ) oR(u, w)

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 One singleton input and one fuzzy output
Larsen

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 One fuzzy input and one fuzzy output
Mamdani
Fact: u is A ' : R (u )
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u ) oR(u, w)

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 One fuzzy input and one fuzzy output
Mamdani

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 Ri consists of R and R 1 2

Rule i : If u is A i and v is Bi , then w is Ci

C 'i (A ' , B' ) (A i and Bi Ci )
C'i ( A ' , B' ) ( A i Bi C )
( A ' , B' ) (min( A i , Bi ) C )
( A ' , B' ) min[( Ai C ), ( Bi C )]
max min{( A ' , B' ), min[( A i C ), ( Bi C )]}
u ,v

max min{min[ A ' , ( A i C )], min[ B' , ( Bi C )]}

u ,v

min{[ A ' ( Ai C )], [ B' ( Bi C )]}

C 'i [A ' (A i Ci )] [B ' (Bi Ci )]

[A ' R 1i ] [A ' R i2 ]
C1i Ci2
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 Example
R : if x is A and y is B, then z is C
where A (0,1,2), B (1,2,3), C (5,6,7) are triangula r fuzzy sets.
If input x 0 1 and y 0 1.5 (Singleton ) , then output?

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Two singleton inputs and one fuzzy output
Mamdani
Fact: u is A ' and v is B ' : R (u , v )
Rule: If u is A and v is B then w is C : R(u, v, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u, v) oR(u, v, w)

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Two singleton inputs and one fuzzy output
Mamdani

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 Example
R : if x is A and y is B, then z is C
where A (0,1,2), B (1,2,3), C (5,6,7) are triangula r fuzzy sets.
If input x 0 1 and y 0 1.5 (Singleton ) , then output?

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 Two fuzzy inputs and one fuzzy output
Mamdani
Fact: u is A ' and v is B ' : R (u , v )
Rule: If u is A and v is B then w is C : R(u, v, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u, v) oR(u, v, w)

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 Two fuzzy inputs and one fuzzy output
Mamdani

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 Two fuzzy inputs and one fuzzy output
Mamdani

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 Example
R : if x is A and y is B, then z is C
where A (0,1,2), B (1,2,3), C (5,6,7) are triangula r fuzzy sets.
If input A' (1,2,3) and B' (1.5, 2.5, 3.5) (Fuzzy set) , then output?

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Multiple rules

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Multiple rules

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Multiple rules

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 Example
R 1 : if x is A1 , then z is C1
R 2 : if x is A 2 , then z is C 2
where A1 (0,1,2), C1 (1,2,3), A 2 (0.5,1.5,2.5), C 2 (2,3,4)
are triangula r fuzzy sets.
If input x 0 1 (Singleton ) , then output?

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Mamdani method

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Mamdani method

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Mamdani method

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Mamdani method

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Larsen method

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Larsen method

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Larsen method

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Larsen method

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Fuzzy Logic Controller

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Inference

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Inference

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Inference

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Inference

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 Defuzzification
Mean of Maximum Method (MOM)

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 Defuzzification
Center of Area Method (COA)

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 Defuzzification
Bisector of Area (BOA)

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