MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

METALLURGY
ALA ON
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Branch : Mechanical
Prepared by:

HIMANSHI GUPTA(140120119057) / ME /3A1

Guided By: Prof. Jyotin Kateshia

ND
T
 NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
Non destructive testing(NDT) is one of
the important methods used for evolution
and quality control of metal components
During testing, the metal component does
not get damaged
These tests are used to locate or find out
the defects or flaws in the component
 ADVANTAGES OF NDT
The equipments are easy to handle
Defects can be detected without damaging the
components
Methods are quick and accurate
Components can be sorted out on the basis of
electrical, magnetic or chemical properties
Test results and other information can be
conveniently recorded on paper films, cassettes
and floppies
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON
DESTRUCTIVE TEST
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST DESTRUCTIVE TEST
Used for finding out defects of Used for finding out the properties
materials of the material
Load is not applied on the material Load is applied on the material

No load applications, so no chance Due to load application, material

for material damage gets damaged
No requirement of special Special equipments are required
equipments
Non expensive Expensive
Less skill Skill is required
e.g: dye penetrate test, ultrasonic, e.g: tensile test, compression test,
radiography, etc hardness test, etc
BASIC ELEMENTS OF NDT
METHOD
SOURCE
MODIFICATION
DETECTION
INDICATION
INTERPRETATION
 METHODS OF NDT
Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT)
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
Radiography Testing (RT)
 DYE PENETRANT TEST
Used for detect the surface cracks or defects
One of the most widely used NDT methods
Used to inspect almost any material
provided that its surface is not extremely
rough
It is used for surface detection of forging,
casting, weld elements
 PROCESS FOR DPT
CLEANING
DRYING OF
SURFACE
APPLICATION
OF
PENETRATE
REMOVAL OF
EXCESS OF
PENETRATE
APPLICATION
OF
DEVELOPER
 ADVANTAGES OF DPT
This method has high sensitivity to small surface
discontinuities.
Large areas and large volumes of parts/materials
can be inspected rapidly and at low cost
Indications are produced directly on the surface
of the part and constitute a visual representation
of the flaw
Aerosol spray can make penetrant materials very
portable
Penetrant materials and associated equipments are
relatively in expensive.
 LIMITATIONS OF DPT
Only surface breaking defects can be detected
The inspector must have direct access to the
surface being inspected
Surface finish and roughness can affect
inspection sensitivity
Post cleaning of acceptable parts or materials
is required
Chemical handling and proper disposal is
required.
 MAGNETIC PARTICLE
TESTING
This method is suitable for the detection of
surface and near surface discontinuities in
magnetic material , mainly ferrite steel and
iron
METHODS OF MPT
Dry method
Wet method
 PRINCIPLE OF MPT
In the first figure the magnetized metal has no crack and there
only two poles that is north pole and south pole.
And in second figure the magnetized metal has a crack and at
the crack point there creates another north and south pole for
the magnetic flux leakage.
 MPT IN GAS PIPE
WELDING

Particles make a cluster at the welding joint for magnetic flux

leakage because of welding defects.
 ADVANTAGES OF MPT
Principally and relatively simple method
Economical and easy to perform
Portable for field testing
Fast for production testing
Reveal or disclose small surface flaws or
cracks which may be tight
 LIMITATIONS OF MPT
Material must be ferromagnetic
Orientation and strength of magnetic field is
critical
Detects surface and near-to-surface
discontinuities only
Large currents are required
 ULTRASONIC TESTING
A typical UT system consists of several functional units, such as
the pulser/receiver, piezoelectric transducer, and display devices.
A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high
voltage electrical pulses.
Driven by the pulser, the transducer generates high frequency
ultrasonic energy.
The sound energy is introduced and propagates through the
materials in the form of waves.
When there is a discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path,
part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface.
The reflected wave signal is transformed into an electrical signal
by the piezo electrical transducer and is displayed on a screen.
PULSE-ECHO METHOD
TRANSMISSION
METHOD
 ADVANTAGES OF
ULTRASONIC TESTING
Thickness and lengths up to 30 ft can be
tested
Position, size and type of defect can be
determined
Instant test results
Portable
Capable of being fully automated
Access to only one side necessary
 LIMITATIONS OF
ULTRASONIC TESTING

The operator can decide whether the test

piece is defective or not while the test is in
progress.
Considerable degree of skill necessary to
obtain the fullest information from the test.
Very thin sections can prove difficult.
 ULTRASONIC
MEASUREMENT
 EDDY CURRENT
TESTING(ECT)
Used to detect surface flaws, to
measure thin walls from one surface
only
To measure thin coating sand in some
applications to measure depth. This
method is applicable to electrically
conductive materials only
In this method eddy currents are
produced in the product by bringing
it close to an alternating current
carrying coil.
The main applications of the eddy
current technique are for the
detection of surface or subsurface
flaws, conductivity measurement and
coating thickness measurement.
 APPLICATION OF ECT

Crack Detection
Corrosion Monitoring
Material Thickness Measurements
Coating Thickness Measurements
Conductivity Measurements
 ADVANTAGES OF ECT
Sensitive to small cracks and other defects
Detect surface and near surface defects
Inspection gives immediate results
Equipment is very portable
Method can be used for much more than flaw
detection
Inspects complex shapes and sizes of
conductive materials
 LIMITATIONS OF ECT

Only conductive materials can be inspected

Skill and training required is more extensive
than other techniques
Surface finish and roughness may interfere
Depth of penetration is limited.
 RADIOGRAPHY
Radiography Testing (RT), or
industrial radiography is NDT
method of inspecting materials for
hidden flaws by using the ability of
short wavelength electromagnetic
radiation (high energy photons)to
penetrate various materials
Radiographic Testing Method is
nothing but to take the shadow
picture of an object onto a film by
the passage of X-ray or Gamma ray
through it
It is the same as the medical
radiography (X-ray). Only
difference in their wave length.
 RADIOGRAPHY
TESTING PROCESS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN X
RAY AND GAMMA RAY
RADIOGRAPHY
X RAYS GAMMA RAYS
Larger wavelength Shorter wavelength

Less penetration power High penetration power

Used for components having Used for more thickness components

thickness up to 62mm
Only one component can be examined Many components can be examined at
at a time a time
Equipment is larger in size Equipment is smaller in size

More intensity and faster Less intensity and slower

RADIOGRAPHY
 LIMITATIONS OF
RADIOGRAPHY
Possible health hazard
Need to direct the beam accurately for two-
dimensional defects
Film processing and viewing facilities are
necessary
Not suitable for automation
Not suitable for surface defects.
 APPLICATION OF
RADIOGRAPHY

For detection of internal defects

For detection of porosity, casting, lack of
fusion in welding, cracks
For measurement of geometry variation
and thickness of components
RADIOGRAPHY
ULTRASONIC TESTING RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
Less flaw detection capabilities More flaw detection capabilities
Compared to radiography less More operational safety is
operational safety is required required as the radiations are
harmful
Probe is used Probe is not used
Better accuracy and reliability Very fast method of testing
Operated manually Less or no manual work
Used for detection of internal For detection of internal defects,
defect, measurement of porosity, casting, lack of fusion in
conductivity and crack depth welding, cracks, measurement of
geometry variation and thickness
of components
 Ultraso
nic
testing

Radiogra
phy
 CONCLUSION
NDT is a new technology and system for
industrial inspection and testing
Many developed countries uses this technology
because of its huge benefits
Modern NDT methods will become just as an
important tool for risk based inspection
approaches and maintenance planning
For this purpose every industry should have a
NDT division with NDT personnel