Cause Code in signaling

message
 External Cause Code
The cause values are used to indicate the
reason for generating certain protocol
messages.
External cause values are used in different
protocols (DTAP, BICC, BSSMAP, MAP,
RANAP, ISUP, INAP and CAP).
e.g. BSSAP Cause Code Class
Class (000) : Normal event
Class (001) : Normal event
Class (010) : Resource unavailable
Class (011) : Service or option not available
Class (100) : Service or option not implemented
Class (101) : Invalid message (for example
parameter out of range)
Class (110) : Protocol error
Class (111) : Interworking
Cause code in A-interface message
000 ---- #0x Normal Event
000 0000 #00 0 Radio interface message failure
000 0001 #01 1 Radio interface failure
000 0010 #02 2 Uplink quality
000 0011 #03 3 Uplink strength
000 0100 #04 4 Downlink quality
000 0101 #05 5 Downlink strength
000 0110 #06 6 Distance..
010 ---- #2x Resource unavailable
010 0000 #20 32 Equipment failure
010 0001 #21 33 No radio resource available
010 0111 #27 39 Invalid cell..
011 ---- #3x Service or option not available
011 0000 #30 48 Requested transcoding/rate adaption unavailable
011 0011 #33 51 Requested speech version unavailable
100 ---- #4x Service or option not implemented
100 0000 #40 64 Ciphering algorithm not supported.
101 ---- #5x Invalid message (for example parameter out of range)
101 0000 #50 80 Terrestrial circuit already allocated
101 0001 #51 81 Invalid message contents..
110 ---- #6x Protocol error
110 0000 #60 96 Protocol error between BSC and MSC
111 ---- #7x Interworking
 Call release
MS BTS BSC MSC
Call Path
(Normal release) Clear command

Channel Release

Deactive SACCH

RF Channel Release

RF Channel Rel Ack

Clear Complete
 Call release
MS BTS BSC MSC
Call Path
(Abnormal release) CON FAIL IND

Clear Request

Clear command

Channel Release

Deactive SACCH

T3109
RF Channel Release

RF Channel Rel Ack

Clear Complete
 AXE internal Cause Code
Since values in different protocols may overlap,
a unique AXE internal cause value is assigned
to those used by protocols.
The Cause Code is expressed as a-b where:
Location of cause originator, Numeral 0 - 15
Cause value Numeral, 0 - 255
End of Selection in call
process
 What is End of Selection
The call setup could be affected by different
events such as
Congestion in any part during call setup
Technical fault in any component of call
completion
Subscriber behaviour.
To identify these occurrences individually,
these are assigned unique numbers, termed
as End of Selection codes.
 Signaling layer 3 in MSC/VLR
GSM, A-interface:

CM sublayer CC SS SMS LCS

DTAP
MM sublayer BSSAP

RR sublayer BSSMAP

BSSAP =Base Station System Application Part

DTAP = Direct Transfer Application Part
WCDMA, Iu-interface: BSSMAP = BSS Management Part
NAS = Non-access Stratum
RANAP = Radio Access Network Application Part
CM sublayer CC SS SMS
RR = Radio Resource management
NAS
MM = Mobility Management
MM sublayer CM = Connection Management

RR sublayer RANAP CC = Call Control & call related SS management

SS = call independent SS management
SMS = Short Message Service
LCS = Location Services
 A-interface function block
Internal 2G MO Call flow

Mrrmasg/ mmmcs
mtacc mta
mrrm /mmm

Internal 2G MT Call flow

mrrm mpag

mtb

Mrrmasg/ mmmcs
mtbcc
mrrm /mmm
 lu Interface related block
muhic muhoc

Eos
muiucm code murabp

mupag
 A-interface related Block

Mrrm/MRRMASG

Eos
mpag code Mralt/MALT

Mmm/MMMC
S
 How are EOS codes
handled
Input to the EOS table are Other output of the EOS
BE Branching condition
ES End of selection code analysis are
NES Reference to new EOS code
DES Delayed reference to new EOS code
Main Output of the table are
NXR Take next alternative in the RC
ESS Normal end of selection signal
COS Congestion signal DSR Delayed seizure attempt on the route
F, M Forwarding the call to B table PSR Same as DSR, block present route
CAU Cause code FRE Forced release
ESTONE End of selection tone busy or
congestion
 Description of ESS
ESS Values
National 14-bits CCITT National 24-bits CCITT International CCITT No. 7
No. 7 No. 7
0 CFL CFL CFL
1 CFL ACB ACB
2 SST CFL SST
3 SLB SLB SSB
4 CFL SST CFL
5 UNN UNN UNN
6 ADI ADI ADI
7 CFL SST CFL
8 LOS LOS LOS
9 SST SST CFL
10 CFL CFL CFL
11 CFL CFL CFL
12 STB CFL CFL
13 CFL CFL CFL
 Description of COS
COS Values
National 14-bits CCITT National 24-bits CCITT International CCITT No. 7
No. 7 No. 7
0 CFL CFL CFL
1 CFL CFL CFL
2 CFL CFL CFL
3 CFL DPN DPN
4 CFL CGC CFL
5 CFL CFL CFL
6 CFL CFL CFL
7 SEC SEC SEC
8 SEC SEC SEC
9 SEC SEC SEC
10 CGC CGC CGC
11 NNC CFL NNC
12 CFL CFL CCS
13 CGC CGC CGC
Common signalling problems of Mobile
networks
TUP UBM (Unsuccessful Backward Set-Up Information Message Group) signaling and EOS code

Call failure ( CFL ) ==========> 858

Circuit group congestion ( CGC )==========> 697
Access Barred ( ACB ) ==========> 462
Send Special Tone ( SST )==========> 43
Line out of service ( LOS )==========> 38
Unobtainable number ( UNN )==========> 35
Subscriber local-busy signal ( SLB )========> 33
Subscriber toll-busy signal( STB ) =========> 758
 EoS Code Classify
Class 1
Subscriber behavior related EoS
EOS 100 Vacant B-number series
EOS 266: Too few digits in B-number
EOS 2293: Call to unknown subscriber
EOS 2298: Call to a mobile subscriber, who
is temporarily absent
 EoS Code Classify
Class 2
Radio performance related EoS
EOS 400 No page response (call
acknowledgment) has been received from
mobile station
EOS 3377 No page response from Mobile
Station or congestion in radio channel.
 EoS Code Classify
Class 3
System performance related EoS
1655 Call collision
3766 Release message received with cause =
Protocol error, unspecified.
 EoS Code Classify
Class 4
Free EoS Code DA, PREA
501 -599
PNASI
ANASI
PNBSI
ANBSI
ANRSI
ANTSI
Mutual Convert between EoS
and Cause Code
 End of Selection analysis
The End-of-Selection analysis can be performed until TCS receives an alerting
indication. The End-of-Selection analysis is triggered in the following cases:
- Backward REL message is received containing an EOS code.
- IAM message is received containing an EOS code from the mobile application.
- TCS internal analysis results in an EOS code.
 Cause and location handling for
only one cause will be used by TCS
REL
Cause codes are handled in a certain order of priority:
1st priority (high) : No other cause code overwrites it.
Source of the cause code:
- Internal timeout in TCS
- TCS-user send internal REL message
- EOS analysis result is B-number modification with a cause code
2nd priority:
- Cause code received in TCS external REL message
3rd priority:
- EOS analysis result with ESS/COS result with the cause code and location
provided (busy or congestion reason)
Default (low) :
- Default setting. Written only if TCS initiates release.
Causes from call legs that have existed before rerouting are not taken into
consideration.
 Cause and location handling for ACM
and CPG
The same priority handling in TCS applies as for REL. This
leads to the situation that only the cause from the End-of-
Selection analysis result 'B-number modification with
cause' or TCS internal generated causes (outside End-of-
Selection analysis) can be written into the ACM/CPG.
Existing causes in ACM/CPG will be overwritten. Causes
from call legs that have existed before rerouting are not
taken into consideration. At reception of alerting, the
internally stored cause code in TCS is cleared. No default
cause and location is written into ACM and CPG.
Main output parameter in EOS analysis
table
 ISUP message related
conversion
UPMH upcnhot
Cause code R Axe internal Eos
in bicc cause code
message code

UPMHs
Cause code cause code
in bicc in eos
message
table
 Table2
Table for convert AXE internal cause code to EOS code
EOSCODE(AXE internal cause code)=EOS code
e.g.
CMAPEOSCODE(ZNORMALUNSPEC)=ZEOSNORMALUNSPEC;
NSYMB ZEOSNORMALUNSPEC = 3744;
NSYMB ZNORMALUNSPEC = 13; ! NORMAL, UNSPECIFIED !
 Table1
CINTCAUSEITUT (index)
index= cause code in signaling message
 Table3
CEXTCAUSEVALUE (index)
index= AXE internal cause code
 Similar situation in ISUP and BICC
Signaling
EoS Code 3744
ISUP ISUP Text AXE
31 Normal, unspecified 13
AXE AXE internal Text ISUP
13 Normal, unspecified 31
Common signalling problems of Mobile
networks
ISUP REL signaling and EOS code
REL with cause = 1 Unallocated Number UNN ==========> 3732
REL with cause = 4 Send Special Information Tone SST ==> 3734
REL with cause = 17 User Busy SLB/STB =============> 3736
REL with cause = 18 No User Responding =============> 3737
REL with cause = 27 Destination Out of Order LOS =======> 3741
REL with cause = 28 Address Incomplete ADI ===========> 3742
REL with cause = 31 Normal, Unspecified CFL ==========> 3744
REL with cause = 34 No Circuit/Channel Available CGC ===> 3745
REL with cause = 41 Temporary Failure ===============> 3747
REL with cause = 42 Switching Equipment Congestion SEC > 3748
REL with cause = 44 Request Channel Not Available =====> 3749
REL with cause = 47 Resource Unavailable =============> 3750
REL with cause = 88 Incompatible Destination ACB =======> 3760
 BICC message related
conversion
bimhr bipht
Cause code
in bicc
Axe internal Eos
cause code
message code

bimhs
Cause code cause code
in bicc in eos
message
table
Access interface related Cause Code
BSSMAP Cause Values to AXE Internal Cause Values
VARIABLE NAME REF FEATURES LENGTH INDIVIDS INDEX 1 INDEX 2
CBBSSMAPTOAXE 12 RE 16 - 128 -

DTAP and/or RANAP/NAS Cause Values to AXE Internal Cause Values

VARIABLE NAME REF FEATURES LENGTH INDIVIDS INDEX 1 INDEX 2
CBDTAPTOAXE 13 RE 16 - 128 -
Note: the DTAP and RANAP/NAS cause values are the same

RANAP Cause Values to AXE Internal Cause Vaules

VARIABLE NAME REF FEATURES LENGTH INDIVIDS INDEX 1 INDEX 2
CBRANAPTOAXE 18 RE 16 - 512 -

AXE Internal Cause Values to DTAP and/or RANAP/NAS Cause Values

VARIABLE NAME REF FEATURES LENGTH INDIVIDS INDEX 1 INDEX 2
CDAXETODTAP 20 RE 8 - 256 -
RANAP and BSSAP message Cause
code

Cause code
IN dtap
MESSAGE

Eos
MTBCC code

Axe internal
cause code

CAUSE CODE
IN nas
MESSAGE
 MAP Error Codes to AXE
Internal Cause code to EoS
Code

grr
Axe internal Eos
cause code
code

gri
CAUSE CODE IN
map MESSAGE
FROM CALLING
PARTY
 IN CAMEL related conversion

shcc shcm
Cause code Axe internal
in camel cause code
Eos
message code

shttm
Cause code cause
in camel code in
message
eos table