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Determiants

The determinant of a matrix is a scalar value that is associated with and uniquely identifies that matrix. There are defined ways to calculate the determinant based on the size of the matrix. For a 2x2 matrix, the determinant is calculated as ad - bc. For higher order matrices, the determinant can be calculated recursively by expanding along rows or columns using cofactors, which are values based on minors and the sign of the element. The determinant of a matrix represents the signed volume of the parallelepiped defined by the rows or columns of the matrix.

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152 views

Determiants

The determinant of a matrix is a scalar value that is associated with and uniquely identifies that matrix. There are defined ways to calculate the determinant based on the size of the matrix. For a 2x2 matrix, the determinant is calculated as ad - bc. For higher order matrices, the determinant can be calculated recursively by expanding along rows or columns using cofactors, which are values based on minors and the sign of the element. The determinant of a matrix represents the signed volume of the parallelepiped defined by the rows or columns of the matrix.

Uploaded by

Jad Macintosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Determinants
5.1 Introduction
Every square matrix has associated with it a scalar called its
determinant.
Given a matrix A, we use det(A) or |A| to designate its determinant.
We can also designate the determinant of matrix A by replacing the
brackets by vertical straight lines. For example,
2 1 2 1
A det( A)
0 3 0 3
Definition 1: The determinant of a 11 matrix [a] is the scalar a.

Definition 2: The determinant of a 22 matrix a b is the scalar ad-bc.


c d

For higher order matrices, we will use a recursive procedure to compute
determinants.
22131313
M a 221(1)221M
C 22
M
5.2 Expansion by Cofactors

221
Definition 1: Given a matrix A, a minor is the determinant of any

1 213
square submatrix of A.
Definition 2: Given a matrix A=[aij] , the cofactor of the element
aij is a scalar obtained by multiplying together the term (-1)i+j
and the minor obtained from A by removing the ith row and the
jth column.
In other words, the cofactor Cij is given by Cij = (1)i+jMij.
For example,
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
)
det(A aC
aC aC

aC
5.2 Expansion by Cofactors

ni1iji1ji2jinj
To find the determinant of a matrix A of arbitrary order,
a)Pick any one row or any one column of the matrix;
b)For each element in the row or column chosen, find its
cofactor;
c)Multiply each element in the row or column chosen by its
cofactor and sum the results. This sum is the determinant of the
matrix.
In other words, the determinant of A is given by
ith row
expansion

jth column
expansion
Example 1: 1 2 3
We can compute the determinant
T 4 5 6
7 8 9
by expanding along the first row,

5 6 4 6 4 5
T 1 2 3
11 1 2 1 3
3 12 9 0
8 9 7 9 7 8

Or expand down the second column:

4 6 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
T 2 5 8
1 2
12 60 48 0
7 9 7 9 4 6

Example 2: (using a row or column with many zeroes)

1 5 0
23 1 5
2 1 1 1 16
3 1
3 1 0

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