PHYSICS UNIT ONE

FORMULA
Module one
 Motion
v = u + at u-: initial velocity t-:
time
s = ut + at2 v-: final velocity
s = (u+v)t s-: displacement
v2 = u2 +2as a-: acceleration
 Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion

Projected horizontally
X-Direction
vx =x/t
Y-Direction
y= at2
vy =gt
a=g
Trajectory

y=gx2/2u2
Projected at an angle q to the horizontal
X-Direction
vx =x/t
Y-Direction
y= tvsin q - at2
vy = vsin q - gt
a= - g
Trajectory
 Projectile formulae for projection at angle and coming back to same horizontal
level
Time of flight = 2vsin
g
Range = v2sin2
g
Maximum height = v2sin2
2g
Time to reach maximum height = vsin
g
NEWTONS LAWS
F = d(mv)
dt
If m is constant, F = m(dv) = ma
dt
F = ma
If velocity is constant, F = v(dm)
dt
law of conservation of linear momentum :m 1 u1 + m2u2 +m3u3......= m1 v1 + m2v2 +m3v3
 IMPULSE
I = p = mv mu = F t since F = p
t
Impulse = force x time
I=
ELASTIC COLLISIONS
The relative speed of approach = The relative speed
of separation
For elastic collisions only (w.r.t. velocity
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2v22 (1)
u1 u2 = v2 v1 (2).

 CIRCULAR MOTION
2 radians = 360o
radians = 180 o
angular displacement = s/r (s = arc length of circle)
s=r ( must be radians)
To convert degrees to radians =(/360) x 2(where is in degrees and is in radians)
Angular velocity, =
v = r
= 2/T
or = 2f

a = v
a = r2
a= v2/r
F= m v
F = mr2
F = mv2/r

T = 1/f
 Conical Pendulum
Tsin = mv2/r where T = tension, W = weight of
pendulum,
W= Tcos v = velocity, r = radius

Vertical Circular motion
At the top of the motion
T + W = mv2/r T = mv2/r W
T is a minimum

At the bottom of the motion

Gravitational fields
g=F/m2
F = Gm1m2/r2
g = Gm1/r2 (where g is the gravitational field strength)
Gravitational Force and Circular motion Gm1m2/r2 = m2v2/r = m2r2
T2 = 4 2r3 / Gm1

Geostationary Satellites
=2T = 2 / (24 x 60 x 60 ) = 7.27 x 10-5 rad s-1 (where T
is the period of the earth in seconds)

UPTHRUST/VISCOUS DRAG
U = gV = gA(h2 h1) where = density of FLUID, g =
gravitational force, A = area
(h2 h1) = height difference
 MOMENTS

At limiting friction P = Fmax (where P => force applied, F => frictional forces)
Limiting Friction = N ( => coefficient of friction, N => normal reaction force)
Along an Incline
N = W cos
F = N= W sin
Viscous drag, F = 6rv ( for a sphere falling through a viscous liquid)
MOMENTS
Moment of F = F x d
The principle of moments states that
For a system in equilibrium
SUM OF CLOCKWISE MOMENTS = SUM OF ANTI-CLOCKWISE MOMENTS
The second law of equilibrium states that
SUM OF FORCES IN ONE DIRECTION = SUM OF FORCES IN THE EXACT OPPOSITE
DIRECTION
Torque of a couple = F d

 ENERGY

ENERGY
W = Fs cos
Work done = Energy converted
Ek = m v2
Ep= mgh
Elastic potential/strain energy = kx2
Efficiency = Useful work done /total work
done x 100
P=Fv
 ERRORS

ERRORS
When X = A B
Absolute error = A + B
Fractional error = A + B
AB

% error = A + B x 100%
AB


When X = AB or A/B

% error = A + B x 100
A B
absolute error = X x %error

When X = AnBm or An/Bm

% error = [(n x A/A) + (m x B/B)] x 100%
 Module 2
f = 1/T frequency
v = f- speed
PHASE DIFFERENCE
= 2 - phase difference where t is the time difference
between particles
= 2 - phase difference where x is the path difference
between particles
For constructive interference
= 0, 2, 4
x = , 2, 3.n
For destructive instructive interference
= , 3, 5
x = /2, 3/2, 5/2(2n+1) /2
I = P/A = E/At- intensity
I = ka2 - intensity
 Wave on string
WAVES IN STRINGS

L = = l/2 f0 = v/2L fundamental/first
harmonic
L = l f1 = 2f0 = v/L 1st
overtone/second harmonic
L = = 3l/2 f2 = 3f0 = 3v/2L 2nd
overtone/third harmonic

WAVES IN PIPES

 One end open
L = l/4 f0 v/4L fundamental/first harmonic
L =3 l/4 f1 = 3F0 = 3v/4L 1st overtone/second harmonic
L = 5 l/4 f2 = 5F0 = 5v/4L 2nd overtone/third harmonic
Two ends open
L = = l/2 f0 = v/2L fundamental/first harmonic
L = l f1 = 2f0 = v/L 1st overtone/second harmonic
L = = 3l/2 f2 = 3f0 = 3v/2L 2nd overtone/third
harmonic

correct determination of with end-correction
L1 = l/4 + e L2 = 3l/4 + e L2 - L1 = l/2

 = v depth mapping formula

= = = = 1n 2

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 refraction equation (where n1 and
n2 are the refractive indices of the respective materials

For sound:

Total internal reflection occurs going from air to
material

 For sound:

Total internal reflection occurs going from air to material

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
1x sin c = ang sin 90
sin c = ang

For light:

Total internal reflection occurs going from material to air

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
ang x sin c = 1 x sin 90

sin c = 1/ ang

 DIFFRACTION N.B. DIFFRACTION FORMULAE
APPLY FOR TWO SOURCE INTERFERENCE
For Constructive interference
For 1st order
= d sin
For 2nd order
2 = d sin where n = order of
diffraction
For nth order d= slit spacing
n = d sin q= angle made with zero order

 (n - 1) = dsin

INTERFERENCE

If a is small and D is large.
= - interference formula
where a => distance between
apertures, x => separation between
adjacent bright (or dark) fringes,
D => distance between two screens
 EAR AND EYE
intensity intensity level
intensity level = 10 lg I/I0 [intensity level measures in decibels (db)]

1/f = 1/u + 1/v lens formula (f = focal length, u = object distance,
v = image distance)
Magnification=image height/object height= image distance/ object
distance

power of lens in dioptres = ______1_________
focal length in metres

Radius of curvature/2 = focal length
Near point: 25cm
Far point: infinity with respect to the length/size of eye


 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

x0 max displacement
x displacement
v0 max velocity
v velocity
angular frequency
a acceleration
a0 max acceleration
T period
l length of period
g gravitational acceleration
m mass
k spring constant
density of fluid
 For all SHM
a= - 2x
v = (x02 x2) (formula for an eclipse)
v0 = x0
a0 = x02
Ekmax = Epmax = m2x02
Ek = m2x02 m2x2
Ep = m2x2
Etotal = Ek + Ep [Dont assume that halfway through the
motion Etotal = Ek + Ep]

When t = 0, x = 0 (eqm. position, sine graph)

 x = x0sint
v = x0cost
a = -x02sint
Ek = m2x02cos2t
Ep = m2x02sin2t

When t = 0, x = x0 (max position, cosine graph)

x = x0cost
v = - x0sint
a = -x02cost
Ek = m2x02sin2t
Ep = m2x02cos2t
 Module 3
empirical formula
XU-XL/ tU-tL = X-XL/ -tL
/ 100 = X-XL/ XU-XL
theoretical scale
= (273.16K/Ptr ) x P where
Ppressure
Ptr pressure at the Triple point
of water
 In doing experiments to determine specific heat
capacity and latent heat,
IVt= mc and IVt=mL
heat capacity
E = C specific heat capacity
E = mc
latent heat of fusion
E=mLf
latent heat of vapourization
E=mLv
temperature gradient
(T1 T2)/ L
 In doing experiments to determine
specific heat capacity and latent
heat,
IVt= mc and IVt=mL
 Equivalent thickness
k1/x1 = k2/x2
rate of flow of energy
Q/t =-kA ( T1 T2 ) /L
P= A(T14 - T24)
(net rate of absorption/emission of energy)
total energy radiated per second
dQ/dt = P = AT4
where:
T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
A the surface area of the body
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.6696 x10-8
Wm-2K-4.
 P= A(T14 - T24)
(net rate of absorption/emission of
energy)

 ideal gas and Thermodynamics
p pressure of a gas in Pa
V volume of a gas in m3
T thermodynamic temperature in K
n no. of moles
N- Number of molecules
NA- Avogadros number
R molar gas constant = 8.31 Jmol-1k-1
k- Boltzmann constant
m- Mass of a molecule
M-mass of entire gas
 MM- Molar mass
crms -root mean square speed
<c2> - mean square speed

n=N/NA
k=R/NA
pV = nRT
p D V = nR D T at constant pressure
V D p = nR D T at constant volume
pV = NkT

<u2>= ( u12 + u22 + u32 + .un2)/N P = m (1/3 N <c2>) /V
P = (1/3<c2> )
Ek = 3/2nRT (Ek of the whole substance
 Ek =3/2 kT (Ek of one molecule)
D Ek = 3/2nR D T
<c2> = 3RT/Mm
For the volume of the gas, i.e. the work
done
Crms = (3RT/Mm) U = Q + W
COMPRESSION ON +
BY -
EXPANSION ON - BY +

 for constant volume: for constant pressure:
U = Q + W U = Q - pV
W = 0 Q = U + pV
U = Q = nCVMT nCPMT = U + pV
nCPMT = nCVMT + pV

for an ideal gas: