Filtering Method for

Image` Restoration

Presented By : M. Jahanzaib
Akhter
Roll
1 No : 242
Outline

1. Introduction .
2. Image .
3. Image noise .
4. Source of image noise .
5. Types of image noise .
6. Filtering
7. Filtering Techniques .
8. Filters types .
9. Conclusion .

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1. Introduction
It is generally desirable for image brightness to
be
uniform except where it changes to form an
image.

There are factors, however, that tend to produce

variation in the brightness of a displayed image
even when no image detail is present.

This variation is usually random and has no

particular pattern.
3
1. Introduction (cont.)

In many cases, it reduces image quality and is

especially
significant when the objects being imaged are small
and have relatively low contrast.

This random variation in image

brightness is designated noise.

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1. Introduction (cont.)
Image on the right has more noise
than the image on the left

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 Images

There are two types of images :

Vector images

Digital images

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Vector Images
Vector images made up of vectors which lead
through locations called control points.
Each of these control points has define on the
x and y axes of the work plain .

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 Digital Images
A digital image is 2-dim array of real numbers

2-D image is divided into N rows and M

columns
the intersection of these rows and columns is
known as pixels

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 Types of Digital
Images

Binary images (black and white images)

Gray scale images

Color images

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Binary Images
Each pixel is just black or white

There is only two possible values for each

pixel
i.e. 0 or 1

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Gray Scale Images
Each pixel value of gray scale images normally
from
0 (black) to 255 (white)

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Color images
In color images each pixel has a particular
color ; that color being described by the
amount of red , blue and green in it .

Each of these components has a rang 0-255

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 2. Image noise
Noise in image , is any degradation in an image
signal ,
caused by external disturbance while an image is
being sent from one place to another place via
satellite , wireless and network cable .
We can model a noisy image as follows:

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 Source of Image
Noise
Error occurs in image signal while an image is
being sent electronically from one place to
another .
Sensor heat while clicking an image

ISO factor ISO number indicates how quickly a

cameras sensor absorbs , light , higher ISO used
mare chance of noticeable noise
By memory cell failure.

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Types of Image Noise

1) Salt and pepper

noise

2) Gaussian noise

3) Speckle noise

4) Uniform noise

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Salt and pepper noise

It known as shot noise, impulse noise or

Spike noise .

Its appearance is randomly scattered white

or black or both pixel over the image .

there are only two possible values exists

that is a and b and the probability of each is
less than 0.2 .

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 Salt and pepper noise
(cont.)
Reasons for Salt and Pepper Noise:
1) By memory cell failure.
2) By malfunctioning of cameras sensor cells.
3) By synchronization errors in image digitizing or transmission.

Where: pa, pb are the Probabilities Density Function (PDF),

p(z) is distribution salt and pepper noise in image and A,
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B are the arrays size image.
 Salt and pepper noise
(cont.)

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 Image with Salt
and Pepper

Original
Image

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Salt and pepper noise (cont.)

filtering techniques :
mean filtering .

Median filtering

Gaussian filtering

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Gaussian Noise
Gaussian noise is caused by random
fluctuations in the
signal , its modeled by random values add to an
image

This noise has a probability density function [pdf]

of the normal distribution. It is also known as
Gaussian distribution.

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22
 Gaussian Noise
(cont.)

Without Noise With Gaussian Noise

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 Image with Gaussian Noise

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Sources of Gaussian Noise

In digital images arise during acquisition .

e.g. Sensor noise caused by poor illumination

and/or high temperature

Transmission

e.g. Electronic circuit noise .

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Gaussian Noise (cont.)
filtering techniques :
mean (convolution) filtering

Median filtering

Gaussian filtering

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Speckle Noise

Speckle noise can be modeled by random

values multiplied by pixel values of an image

results from random fluctuations in the return

signal from an object that is no bigger than a
single image-processing element.

It increases the mean grey level of a local

area.

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Speckle Noise
The distribution noise can be expressed by:

Where g(n,m), is the observed image , u(n,m) is the

multiplicative component . and &(n,m) is the additive
component of the speckle noise.

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 Original Image

Image with Noise

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Speckle Noise (cont.)
filtering techniques :
mean (convolution) filtering

Median filtering

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Uniform Noise
The uniform noise cause by quantizing the
pixels of image to a number of distinct levels is
known as quantization noise.
Uniform noise can be analytically described by :

The gray level values of the noise are evenly

distributed across a specific range
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 Uniform Noise
(cont.)
Quantization noise has an approximately
uniform distribution

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Uniform Noise (cont.)

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3. Filtering
Filtering image data is a standard process
used in almost all image processing systems.

Filters are used to remove noise from digital

image while keeping the details of image
preserved.

The choice of filter is determined by

the nature of the task performed by filter .
Filter behavior .
type of the data .

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Filtering Techniques

Linear Filtering

Non-Linear
Filtering

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 Linear Filter
Linear filters are used to remove certain type of noise.

The linear filters work best with salt and pepper noise,
and Gaussian noise.

Gaussian and mean filters.

Simple to design .

These filters also

tend to blur the sharp edges .
destroy the lines and other fine details of image .

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Linear Filters Example

Filtered Gaussian
.noise

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Non-Linear Filters
Can preserve edges .

Very effective at removing impulsive noise .

They are more powerful than linear filters

because they are able to reduce noise levels
without blurring edges.

Can be difficult to design.

Median Filter.
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Non-linear Filter vs. linear
Filter

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Filters Types
1) Median filter .

2) Wiener Filter .

3) Mean filter .

4) Gaussian filter

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 Median Filter
Median Filter is a simple and powerful non-linear filter .

It is used for reducing the amount of intensity variation

between one pixel and the other pixel.

In this filter, we replaces pixel value with the median

value .

The median is calculated by first sorting all the pixel

values into ascending order and then replace the pixel
being calculated with the middle pixel value

Salt and pepper noise.

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 Median Filter
Advantage:
It is easy to implement.
Used for de-noising different types of noises.

Disadvantage:
Median Filter tends to remove image details when
the impulse noise percentage is more than 0.4 %.

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 Example : 3x3
Median

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 Original
Original

Salt & pep

Salt & pepper
%60
%20

De-noising
De-noising by
Median fil
Median filter

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Wiener Filter
The purpose of the Wiener filter is to filter
out the noise that has corrupted a signal.

This filter is based on a statistical

approach.

The goal of wiener filter is reduced the

mean square error (MSE) as much as
possible.

45Poisson noise , speckle noise .

Wiener Filter
One method that we assume we have knowledge of the
spectral property of the noise and original signal.

The Fourier domain of the Wiener filter is Where :

H*(u, v) = Complex conjugate of degradation function
Pn (u, v) = Power Spectral Density of Noise
Ps (u, v) = Power Spectral Density of non-degraded
image
H (u, v) = Degradation function

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 Wiener filter
Example

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 Mean Filter
Mean Filter (average filter) is a simple linear filter .

Replace each pixel value in an image with the mean

value of its neighbors, including itself.

Gaussian noise .

Advantage:
Easy to implement
Used to remove the impulse noise.
Disadvantage:
It does not preserve details of image. Some details are
removes of image with using the mean filter.
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 Mean Filtering
Example
Average filtering example using a 3 x 3 sampling
window:
Keeping border values unchanged

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Mean Filtering -
Boundaries
Average filtering example using a 3 x 3 sampling
window:
Extending border values outside with values at boundary

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Mean Filter Example

(a) Original Image

(b) Image corrupted by

%12 Gaussian noise .

(c)De noising by mean

filter

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 Gaussian
Gaussian filter noise
Gaussian is smoothing filter in the 2D
convolution operation that is used to remove
noise and blur from image.

Probably the most useful filter (although not the

fastest).

Gaussian filtering is done by convolution each

point in the input array with a Gaussian
kerneland then summing them all to produce
the output array.
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Gaussian filter Example

Original )b(Noisy )c( Gaussian filter( a)

Image corrupted by %60 salt & Pepper Noise

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Performance Parameters
For comparing original image and filtered image,
we calculate following parameters:
1) Mean Square Error (MSE): The MSE is the
cumulative square error between the encoded and the
original image defined by:

Where, f is the original image and g is the filtered image. The

dimension of the images is m x n. Thus MSE should be as low
. as possible for effective filtering

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Performance Parameters
2) Signal to Noise Ratio is defined by the power ratio
between a signal and the background noise.

Where P is average power. Both noise and power must be

measured at the same points in a system, and within
. system with same bandwidth

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Performance Parameters
3) Peak signal to Noise ratio (PSNR):
It is defined by:
PSNR = 10 log (255^2/mse)

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Implementation in
Matlab

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Conclusion
Enhancement of an noisy image is necessary task
in
.image processing

Filters are used best for removing noise from the

images.

The decision to apply a which particular filter is

based on the different noise level at the different
test pixel location or performance of the filter
scheme on a filtering mask.

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 QUESTION
S?
Be nice ...

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