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Surveying Powerpoint

Topographic surveys determine the configuration of the Earth's surface by locating natural and cultural features. Small areas are surveyed using ground methods while large areas use photogrammetry, remote sensing, and LIDAR from aircraft. LIDAR uses laser rangefinding, GPS, and inertial systems to map terrain by finding surface point positions. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and indicate terrain steepness and features. Automated systems use digital terrain models and triangulated irregular networks to interpolate contours from surveyed point data.

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Earl Angelo Acuña
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272 views

Surveying Powerpoint

Topographic surveys determine the configuration of the Earth's surface by locating natural and cultural features. Small areas are surveyed using ground methods while large areas use photogrammetry, remote sensing, and LIDAR from aircraft. LIDAR uses laser rangefinding, GPS, and inertial systems to map terrain by finding surface point positions. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and indicate terrain steepness and features. Automated systems use digital terrain models and triangulated irregular networks to interpolate contours from surveyed point data.

Uploaded by

Earl Angelo Acuña
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topographic Surveying

Topographic Surveys
Surveys made to
determine the
configuration of the
earths surface and to
locate natural and
cultural
features on it.
Survey Methods and Techniques
Small areas:

Ground
Surveys
Large areas:
-photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
automatic. With ground survey for
control.
Overlapped images from a plane,
geometry is solved, images are oriented ,
Large areas:LIDAR
Terrain mapping using scanning airborne laser radar
(LIDAR): the aircraft is simply transformed into the
equivalent of an airborne total station by combining
laser range-finder technology with GPS and inertia
systems.
Knowing the aircraft position (GPS) and orientation,
the distance to the ground point, and the angular
orientation of the laser beam, the position of a point
on the earths surface can be found.
Several footprints of laser are available to perform
various tasks. For example, large footprints VS small
footprints in forested and bare-ground areas.
LIDAR Terrain Mapping in
Forests

LIDAR DEM

USGS
DEM
LIDAR Canopy Model
(1 m resolution)
Canopy Surface Model

Minus

Terrain Surface Model


Oblique aerial view
Perspective shaded-relief view of 10m DEM,
derived from 1:24,000-scale contours
Perspective view of LIDAR DEM
Interpreted LIDAR DEM. Yellow is landslide, pink is scarp,
green and violet are glacially-scoured surface
Advanced Total Stations
Reflectorless or prismless TS up to 2000m
on white surfaces today
Robotic TS ONE MAN CREW
High Density (Definition) Survey (HDS)
(Terrestrial Laser Scanners)

The scanner sends millions of laser pulses to


measure coordinates as it rotates to scan the
features around
All-in-One Total Stations
More than one technology
The Topcon IS Imaging Station
includes:
Robotic total station
3D Scanner
Imaging system
Can perform as a regular or a robotic
total station
Control for Topographic
Surveys
Horizontal: traversing, triangulation,
GPS, extended with photogrammetry
in large areas.
Vertical: leveling loops, GPS.
Control points are the framework
upon which the topographic details
are usually built. Must be:
Within the allowable misclosure.
Checked and adjusted.
Contour Lines
Lines connecting points of equal elevations,
such as a shoreline of a lake.
Contour Interval: the vertical distance between
level surfaces forming the contours. 1, 2, 5 ft
Contour intervals depend on map scale and the
diversity of relief in the area.
Every fifth contour is drawn with a
heavier line, elevations are in breaks
in the contour lines.
Characteristics of
Contours
Must close on themselves, on or off the map
Perpendicular to the direction of max Slope
Slope between them is assumed uniform
The distance between them indicates the
steepness of the slope, gentle or steep
Irregular signify rough, smooth signify gradual
slopes
Concentric closed contours: hills or depression
They do not cross each other, only in special cases
They do not cross buildings
They cross horizontal man made surfaces in
parallel lines
Locating Contours
Direct method: locate the points of certain elevation.
Keep a certain rod reading from horizontal line of
site, trace and locate points on contour line.

Indirect method: measure the elevation and location


of controlling points. Interpolate to locate
contours. Interpolate at each side of controlling
features separately.
Automated Contouring
Systems
DTM (DEM): digital elevation (terrain) models.
Array of points with measured X, Y, and Z.
Grid method: borrow pit, computer
interpolation.
Irregular method: indirect method, with
additional information to produce
triangulated irregular network.
Assuming the triangle sides are of constant
slopes, interpolate along the sides.
Breaklines:
linear Topographic features which have
uniform slopes.
Must be triangle sides.
For example: notice how roads are shown in
the TIN and in the contours.
Accuracy Specifications for
Topographic Surveys
More than one standards:
national map accuracy standards
(NMAS), ASPRS, American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Maximum permitted errors are
related to map scale. The smaller the
scale the bigger the allowed error.
Example: not more than 10% of tested
points shall be in error in horizontal
position by more than 1/30 inch, what
about a map 1 in: 100 ft

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