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06.2.2 - Separable Equations

This document provides examples and explanations of separable differential equations and homogeneous differential equations. It discusses solving separable equations by separating variables and integrating. It also discusses testing if equations are homogeneous, and solving homogeneous equations by making substitutions to transform them into separable equations. The document contains multiple examples of solving initial and boundary value problems for separable and homogeneous differential equations.

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Anthony Fajardo
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57 views18 pages

06.2.2 - Separable Equations

This document provides examples and explanations of separable differential equations and homogeneous differential equations. It discusses solving separable equations by separating variables and integrating. It also discusses testing if equations are homogeneous, and solving homogeneous equations by making substitutions to transform them into separable equations. The document contains multiple examples of solving initial and boundary value problems for separable and homogeneous differential equations.

Uploaded by

Anthony Fajardo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Day6

MATH241(DifferentialEquations)

Ch2.2SeparableEquations(Page4251)
Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems,
10th edition, by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, 2013 by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this section we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear
first order equations. Consider the first order equation
dy
f ( x, y )
dx
We can rewrite this in the form
dy
M ( x, y ) N ( x , y ) 0
dx
For example, let M(x,y) = f (x,y) and N (x,y) = 1. There may
be other ways as well. In differential form,
M ( x, y ) dx N ( x, y )dy 0
If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then
M ( x)dx N ( y )dy 0
In this case, the equation is called separable.
Example 1: Solving a Separable Equation

Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:


dy x2

dx 1 y 2
Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain

1 y dy x dx
y t

2 2 4

1 y dy x dx
2
2 2


x t

1 3 1 3
4 2 2 4

y y x C
3 3 2

3 y y x3 C
3
4

The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A graph


showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
solution curves for the differential equation is given above.
Example 2:
Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
dy 3 x 2 4 x 2

dx 2 y 1
Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain

2 y 1 dy 3 x 2 4 x 2 dx

2 y 1 dy 3 x 2 4 x 2 dx
y 2 2 y x3 2x 2 2x C
The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:
y 2 y x 2x 2x C 0 y
2 3 2 2 4 4 x 3
2 x 2
2x C
2
y 1 x3 2 x 2 2 x C
dy 3 x 2 4 x 2

dx 2 y 1

Example 2: Initial Value Problem (2 of 4)


Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = 1. Using the
implicit expression of y, we obtain
y 2 2 y x3 2 x 2 2x C
(1) 2 2(1) C C 3
Thus the implicit equation defining y is
y 2 2 y x3 2 x 2 2 x 3
Using an explicit expression of y,
y 1 x3 2 x 2 2 x C
1 1 C C 4
It follows that
y 1 x3 2 x2 2x 4
dy 3 x 2 4 x 2

dx 2 y 1

Example 2: Initial Condition y(0) = 3 (3 of 4)

Note that if initial condition is y(0) = 3, then we choose the


positive sign, instead of negative sign, on the square root
term:

y 1 x3 2 x 2 2 x 4
Example 2: Domain (4 of 4)

Thus the solutions to the initial value problem


dy 3 x 2 4 x 2
, y (0) 1
dx 2 y 1
are given by
y 1 x3 2x2 2x 4 (explicit)
y 2 2 y x 3 2 x 2 2 x 3 (implicit)
From explicit representation of y, it follows that

y 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 2
and hence the domain of y is (2, ). Note x = 2 yields y = 1, which
makes the denominator of dy/dx zero (vertical tangent).
Conversely, the domain of y can be estimated by locating vertical
tangents on the graph (useful for implicitly defined solutions).
Example 3: Implicit Solution of an Initial
Value Problem (1 of 2)
Consider the following initial value problem:
4x x3
y , y (0) 1
4 y 3

Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain

(4 y 3 )dy (4 x x 3 )dx

4 y dy (4 x x )dx
3 3

1 1
4 y y 2x x4 c
4 2

4 4
y 4 16 y x 4 8 x 2 C where C 4c
Using the initial condition, y(0) = 1, it follows that C = 17.

y 4 16 y x 4 8 x 2 17
4 x x3
y , y (0) 1
4 y3

Example 3: Graph of Solutions (2 of 2)


Thus the general solution is y 4 16 y x 4 8 x 2 C
and the solution through (0, 2) is y 4 16 y x 4 8 x 2 17
The graph of this particular solution through (0, 2) is shown in red
along with the graphs of the direction field and several other
solution curves for this differential equation, are shown:
The points identified with blue 2
y

dots correspond to the points on


1

the red curve where the tangent


line is vertical: y 3 4 1.5874 4 2 2 4
x

x 3.3488 on the butred


at all
curve, 1

points where the line connecting the


blue points intersects solution curves
2

the tangent line is vertical. 3


Parametric Equations

The differential equation:


dy F ( x, y )

dx G ( x, y )
is sometimes easier to solve if x and y are thought of as
dependent variables of the independent variable t and
rewriting the single differential equation as the system of
differential equations:
dy dx
F ( x, y ) and G ( x, y )
dt dt
Chapter 9 is devoted to the solution of systems such as these.
Examples
each of Problems 1 through 8, solve the given differential
In
equation.
5/48) y = (cos2 x)(cos2 2y)
6/48) xy = (1 y2)1/2
7/48)
8/48)
Examples
In each of Problems 9 through 20:
(a) Find the solution of the initial value problem in explicit
form.
(b) Plot the graph of the solution.
(c) Determine (at least approximately) the interval in which
the solution is defined.
9/48) y = (1 2x)y2, y(0) = 1/6
12/48) dr/d = r2/, r(1) = 2
20/48) y2(1 x2)1/2dy = arcsin x dx, y(0) = 1
Homogeneous Function
function f(x, y) = 0 is called an homogeneous function of
The
degree n if and only if f(kx, ky) = k f(x, y).

Test whether the given function is homogeneous or not, if it is


homogeneous then give the degree.
1. f(x, y) = 4x2 3xy + y2
2.
3. f(x, y) = x sin(y/x) y sin(x/y)
4.
Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients
The differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is
homogeneous if both M and N are homogeneous and are of
the same degree.

Theorem:
1. If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are both homogeneous and of the
same degree, the function or N/M is of degree 0.
2. If f(x, y) is homogeneous of degree zero in x + y, then f(x,
y) is a function of y/x alone.
General Solution of a Homogeneous DE
If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous and of degree zero,
then the ratio M/N or N/M can be expressed as a function of
single variable alone, say v.

Thus, the substitution x = vy or y = vx will transform the


equation to a variable separable differential equation.

Note: A differential equation is homogeneous if all the terms


are of the same degree.
Examples
Test for homogeneity.

1. (x2 + y2)dx + xydy = 0


M = (x2 + y2), homogeneous of degree 2.
N = xy, homogeneous of degree 2.
Therefore, the differential equation is homogeneous.

2. (3x + 2y)dx (x2 + 2xy + y2)dy = 0


M = 3x + 2y, homogeneous of degree 1.
N = x2 + 2xy + y2, homogeneous of degree 2.
Therefore, the differential equation is not homogeneous.
Examples
whether each equation is homogeneous or not. If it is
Test
homogeneous then find the general solution.
1. (x2 + y2)dx + xydy = 0

2. xydx + 2(x2 + 2y2)dy = 0

3.

4. [x csc(y/x) y]dx + xdy = 0

5. (x2 xy + y2)dx xydy = 0


Examples
each
In of Problems 31 through 38:
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
(b) Solve the differential equation.
(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they
symmetric with respect to the origin?

31/50)

34/50)

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