Design of RC Structures

to EC2
Professor Priyan Dias
University of Moratuwa
Transition from BS 8110 to
EC2
Theoretical Principles (not Practical
Design)
Structuring by Stress States (not
Elements)
Few design equations & charts
Refer (a) text books; IStructE Manual
(Green Book)
Parameters can be supplied by
National Annexes
Sri Lanka National Annexe (SLSI)
Differences from BS 8110
Load partial safety factors reduced
Based on cylinder strength
Compression stress block & limiting
x/d ratio
Design for durability more nuanced
Shear & Torsion design more
theoretical
Check for Deflection results in
thinner slabs
Beam Sections in Flexure
Stress-
strain
curve -
concret
e

c2 = 0.002 & cu2 = 0.0035 for fck

50 MPa
For fck > 50 MPa, c2 & cu2
Concrete stress block

= 0.8; = 1.0 for fck 50 MPa ; else

&
fcd = cc fck / c = 0.85 fck /1.5 =
Reinforcement stress-strain
curve

fyd = fyk / c = fyk / 1.15 = 0.87 fyk

Allowable x/d ratio
(ductility)
Theoretically (for fy = 460 MPa)
0.64
EC2 limit 0.45 (15% redistn
allowance)
SLNA limit 0.60 (for 0% redistn)
k1 + k2 (x/d)
0.4 + 1.0 (x/d)
Consider changing to EC2 limit?
EC2 & SLNA limit 0.30
(for max. 30% redistribution)
Singly reinforced section
Doubly reinforced section (x =
0.45d)
Load Combinations &
Cases
Load partial safety factors
(ULS)

Note: Favourable and unfavorable loads

If more than one variable action is present:

Load partial safety factors
(SLS)
Load cases
Alternate spans loaded (design span
moments)
Adjacent spans loaded (design support
shear forces and moments)
(Note: more cases to analyse than
All Spans loaded - BS 8110)

EC2 load cases = 2+ (n-1) = n+1

cases
BS load cases = 2 + 1 = 3 cases
Durability
Exposure condition (Table
4.1)

Much better definitions than BS 8110

 Strength Class (Table E.1N)

Suggestions for Sri Lankan practice

Carbonation : C 16/20 (indoor) & C 25/30
(outdoor)
Chlorides: C 25/30 (buildings) & C 30/37
(bridges)
Structural Classification

Basic class is S4 for indicative grades & design

life of 50 years
Environmental Requirement,
cmin,dur
 Nominal cover (specified)
cnom = cmin + cdev
cmin = max {cmin,b; 10 mm;
cmin,dur + cdur, cdur,st - cdur,add;}
cdur, - additional safety (default is 0)
cdur,st - stainless steel r/f (default is 0)
cdur,add additional protection (default is 0)
cmin,b effective bond = (equivalent) bar dia.
(increase by 5 mm if hagg > 32 mm)
cdev construction deviation (5 cdev 15),
use 10 mm; increase for casting against
 Hence, for Sri Lankan
Practice
Indoor C16/20; cnom =25 mm
Outdoor sheltered C20/25; cnom = 35
mm
- sheltered? roofing, cladding,
plasters?
Outdoor unsheltered C25/30; cnom =
40 mm
Within 1 km(?) of coast
- outdoor - C25/30; cnom = 45 mm
Fire Resistance min sizes
 Fire resistance cover to
main r/f

Side distance, asd = a + 10 mm, but

asd = a to RHS of shaded column
Shear
 Procedure
Check for max. shear force VRd,max
Check if = 22 is satisfactory (comp. strut
angle)
Else find , s.t. 1 cot 2.5
Find shear force at dist. d from
support , VEd
Check against shear resistance without
links, VRd,c
If VEd > VRd,c, design links for entire value
 Truss Analogy

Generally = 90 (shear links)

Keep as small as possible for
Inclined strut with vertical
links
 Maximum Shear

VRd,max = cw bw z 1 fcd / (cot + tan )

cw = 1 for RC; more for PC
1 = = 0.6 {1 - fck/250}; concrete
cracked in shear
fcd = 0.567 fck
Start with = 22 and check if Vmax
VRd,max
Else find for Vmax = VRd,max (s.t. 22
45)
 Shear Resistance without
Links
Greater of
VRd,c = [CRd,c k (100l fck)1/3 + k1 cp]
bwd
VRd,c = (vmin + k1 cp) bwd
where
CRd,c = 0.18 /c
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 2.0
l = Asl/bwd 0.02, with Asl cont. for (lbd
+ d)
 Shear Links
Designed
VEd = VRd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot
Minimum
w,min = (0.08fck)/fyk (Asw/s) {(1/(bw
sin )}
where fywd = design yield str of shear
r/f
Spacing (longitudinal) 0.75 d
(transverse d; also no longitudinal
Horizontal Shear flanged
beams
 Compn struct
Flat slabs inclination
26.6o
Check VRd,max at
loaded area
Critical
perimeter 2d
from load
Perimeters are
curved, not
sharp
Detailing
 Anchorage Bond Stress, fbd
lb,rqd = (/4) (sd/fbd)
sd = 0.87 fyk [As,reqd/As,prov]
fbd = 2.25 12fctd
fctd = ct fctk,0.05/c
1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions; 0.7
for others
2 = 1.0 for 32; (132 )/100 for
> 32
Good bond conditions
Concrete properties
 Anchorage Length, lbd
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb,rqd lb,min
where lb,min
(tension) max{0.3 lb,rqd; 10; 100
mm}
(compression) max{0.6 lb,rqd; 10;
100 mm}
 Anchorage length factors

3 to 5 - transverse confinement due to

(i) non welded r/f, (ii) welded r/f (iii) transverse
 Hooks & bends
lb,eq = 0.7 lbd; Effective only if cd > 3
 Anchorage shift rule
Increase in tensile force due to shear,
Ftd = 0.5 VEd (cot cot )
Shift in BMD, al = z (cot cot )/2
Approach:
Draw line at which MoR of continuing bars
cuts BMD
Stop curtailed bar at (lbd + al) beyond these
points
 End supports

% of r/f into support = 25% of r/f in

span
Tensile force to be anchored =
VEd.a1/z
 Intermediate supports

Bottom steel continuity essential only

if positive moments are expected
(e.g. due to settlement)
 Laps
The clear distance between lapped bars 4 or
50 mm, otherwise the lap length should be
increased by a length equal to the clear space
where it exceeds 4 or 50 mm;
The longitudinal distance between two adjacent
laps 0,3 l0;
In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance
between adjacent bars should not be less than 2
or 20 mm.
 Laps (cont.)
The permissible percentage of lapped
bars in tension may be 100% where
the bars are all in one layer. Where
the bars are in several layers the
percentage should be reduced to
50%.
All bars in compression and
secondary (distribution)
reinforcement may be lapped in one
section.
 Lap lengths
l0 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 lb,rqd l0,min
where l0,min max{0.3 6 lb,rqd; 15;
200 mm}
and 1.0 6 = (l/25)0.5 1.5, where
l is the % r/f lapped within 0.65 l0
from centre of lap
 Transverse r/f at laps
Transverse r/f used for other
purposes enough if < 20 mm or %
lapped bars < 25%;
ELSE
Anchorage & Lap Lengths -
IStructE
 Routine design

Moment & shear coefficients

IStructE Manual
Design charts
IStructE Manual
Curtailment rules
Concrete Centre publications
 Max & Min r/f
As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk) btd;
where fctm = 0.3(fck)2/3
OR
0.0013 btd

As,max = 0.04 Ac
Crack control
 Minimum (cracking) r/f
To prevent yielding of steel at SLS
As,min s = kc k fct,eff Act
Difficult to calculate
fct,eff can be taken as fctm
s will be stress in steel to limit crack
width

For slabs 200 mm, usual min. r/f

is sufficient
 Crack width limits
Allowable crack width = 0.3 mm for
almost all exposure conditions
(SLNA)
EC2 allows 0.4 mm for X0 and XC1
Special measures required for XD3
(cyclic wetting & drying with
chlorides)
 Service stress in steel
Based on quasi-permanent load
combination
 Crack control due to
restraint
Limit bar diameter as per Table 7.2N
Crack control due to loading
Limit bar diameter OR bar spacing
(Table 7.3 N)
 Spacing rules for slabs
Principal r/f
3 h 400 mm
Secondary r/f ( 20% of principal r/f)
3.5 h 400 mm
Areas of conc. loads or maximum
moment
Principal r/f - 2 h 250 mm
Secondary r/f - 3 h 400 mm
Deflection
 Deflection equations

l/d = span/depth ratio

and are tension & compression r/f
respectively
0 = 10-3 fck
K accounts for support and structural systems
If f 500 MPa, multiply by 310/ = 500 / (f
 Basic ratios

These values are very conservative

However, equations allow very thin
slabs
Allowable (l/d) ratios for cts 1-
way slabs

IStructE manual values can be used

for sizing
EC2 sizing value will be 30 for all
cases
 Sri Lankan practice -
suggestion
If 0.25%, use = 0.25% in eq.
7.16
Subject to following absolute
maxima:
Absolute criteria will generally
govern

Simply
supported slab

Allowable span/Effective depth

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01
Reinforcement ratio
Trial Span/depth ratios for
sizing
Columns
Effective lengths -
freestanding
 Effective lengths Framed
columns

k1 and k2 are relative flexibilities of

rotational restraints and ends 1 & 2
For rigid rotational restraint (foundation),
Effective lengths, l0 -
IStructE
 Slenderness ratio & limit

For column to be short

= l0/i lim in both directions
where i = (I/A)0.5
lim = (20) A.B.C/n
(Note: lim is a function of loading)
 Slenderness limit calculation

For columns in frames, generally M02 and M01

are of different sign, so default value of C can
be taken as 1.7
In unbraced frames, use default value of 0.7
 IM1I < IM2I

Slenderne
ss limits
braced
columns
 Mid height bending
moments

Design only for minor axis bending if BM is dominant

 Mid height moments 1st
order
Initial moments, Mi
For braced columns greater of (i) 0.6 M2
+ 0.4 M1 OR (ii) 0.4 M2 (where M2 is
numerically larger)
Eccentricity due to misalignment, Ma
Ma = NEd.ea (where ea = il0/2)
 Mid height moments 2nd
order
Due to ultimate deflection, M2= NEde2
e2 = (1/r)l02/c, where c =10
 Mid height moments (cont)

Design moment, M = M0Ed + M2 (if >

0.1 M0Ed) > Mmin = NEdemin ; where emin =
max{h/30; 20 mm}
IStruc
tE
Manu
al
Desig
n
Chart
Normalized with respect to fck
Minimum eccentricity line is shown
Negative values are possible use
 Detailing Main r/f

Minimum r/f
Greater of 0.1 NEd/fyd or 0.004 Ac (SLNA)
Maximum r/f
Vertically cast 0.06 Ac
Horizontally cast 0.08 Ac
At laps - 0.10 Ac
 Detailing transverse r/f
Diameter = max{6 mm, max/4}
Spacing max{20 min, 400 mm, b}
Spacing x 0.6
Above or below beam/slab for distance
h
Lapped joints if max > 14 mm
Anchorage
Corner bars to be held by links
No bars in compression zone to be >
150 mm from retrained bar
RC Design to EC2 Easy
too?