Cellular Network

zge Bengr
Merih Miran
S.Burak Sargl
The Cellular Network

The Cellular Concept

GSM Architecture

Capacity of a Cellular System

Cellular Network Today

The Cellular Concept
Made up of a number of radio cells

Uses multiple low-power transmitters (100W or less)

Coverage areas divided into cells

Implements Space Division Multiplex

A mobile phone

Two types of channesl avaible between mobile unit and Base Station
Control Channels
Traffic Channels
The Cellular Concept (cont)
The Cellular Concept (cont)
The MS may be a vehicle or carried as a portable and
are assigned a duplex channel and communicate with an
assigned Base Station

Base Stations communicate simultaneously with all

MSs within their area of coverage and are connected to
mobile switching centers

A MSC Controls a number of cells and are connected to

PSTN
The Cellular Concept (cont)
Each cell has allocated to it a number of channels which
can be used for traffic or signalling

An active MS registers with an appropriate BS, the

information is stored in MSC

When a call is set up either from of to the MS, the control

and signalling system
Assings a channel and
Instructs the mobile to use the corresponding channel
Advantages of Cell Structures
Higher capacity, higher number of users

Less transmission power needed

More rebust, decentralized

BaseStations with interference, transmission

area etc.
Frequency Reuse
Cellularphone networks use cellular
frequency reuse.

In the cellular reuse concept, frequencies

allocated to the service are reused in a
regular pattern of areas, called "cells", each
covered by one base station.
Frequency Reuse (cont)
Inmobile-telephone nets these cells are
usually hexagonal.

Adjacent cells use different frequencies.

However in cells that are separated further
away, frequencies can be reused.
Principles of Cellular Frequency
Reuse
Typical frequency reuse plan for 7 different radio
frequencies, based on hexagonal cells.
In fact some problems in cellular frequency
assignment are solved using map coloring
theory.
Principles of Cellular Frequency
Reuse (cont)
Frequency 're-use' distance is the closest
distance between the centers of two cells using
the same frequency (in different clusters) is
determined by the choice of the cluster size C
and the lay-out of the cell cluster.
GSM
Global System for Mobile

A second generation cellular standard

developed to cater voice services and
data delivery using digital modulation
GSM (cont)
The network behind the GSM system seen by
the customer is large and complicated in order
to provide all of the services which are required.

It is divided into a number of sections

1. Base Station Subsystem
2. Network and Switching Subsystem
3. GPRS Core Network
4. GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.
GSM System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
GSM Specifications - I
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink) : 890 915 MHz
BTS to Mobile (downlink) : 935 960 MHz
Bandwith : 2 * 25 MHz

GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink) : 1710 1785 MHz
BTS to Mobile (downlink) : 1805 1880 MHz
Bandwith : 2 * 75 MHz
GSM Specification - II
Carrier Separation : 200 KHz

Duplex Distance : 45 MHz

No. of RF carriers : 124

Access Method : TDMA/FDMA

Modulation Method : GMSK

Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps

Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialed number to BSS

2. BSS sends dialed number to MSC

3. (4) MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the

requested service. If so, MSC asks BSS to
allocate resources for call.

5 MSC routes the call to GMSC

6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange of

called user

7 (8,9,10) Answer back (ring back) tone is

routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
Incoming Call
1. Calling a GSM subscribers

2. Forwarding call to GMSC

3. Signal Setup to HLR

4. (5) Request MSRN from VLR

6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC

7. Forward Call to current MSC

8. (9) Get current status of MS

10. (11) Paging of MS

12. (13) MS answers

14. (15) Security checks

16. (17) Set up connection

GSM Operation
Speech Speech
Speech coding Speech decoding
13 Kbps
Channel Coding Channel decoding
22.8 Kbps
Interleaving De-interleaving
22.8 Kbps
Burst Formatting Burst Formatting
33.6 Kbps
Ciphering De-ciphering
33.6 Kbps
Radio Interface
Modulation
270.83 Kbps
Demodulation
Security in GSM
On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI
instead of IMSI.

SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the

ownership of SIM

3 algorithms are specified :

A3 algorithm for authentication
A5 algorithm for encryption
A8 algorithm for key generation
Advantages of GSM
Capacity increases
Reduced RF transmission power and longer
battery life.
International roaming capability.

Better security against fraud (through

terminal validation and user authentication).
Encryption capability for information security
and privacy.
GSM Applications
Mobile telephony

GSM-R

Telemetry System
Fleet management
Automatic meter reading
Toll Collection

Value Added Services

Handover
When a mobile terminal moves outside the coverage
area of its base station, the network management is
assumed to take appropriate measures.

A 'handover' or 'handoff' to another base station is

required to ensure sufficient quality of reception,
including acceptable interference power levels.

A mobile user experiences the worst link quality if

the terminal is located at the boundary of two cells
where the distances to base stations are maximum.
Handover (cont)
Different strategies for handover exist:
1. Centralized methods, as for instance used in GSM
.
2. Decentralized methods, as for instance used in
DECT.
Co-Channel Interference (CCI)
CCI arises in cellular systems where the available
frequency channels are divided into different sets.

Each set being assigned to a specific cell and with

several cells in the system using the same set of
frequencies.

CCI limits the system capacity

This interference generally happens in places where

population is high.
The Capacity of Cellular
Network
Why do we need more capacity?

Reach more users at the same time

Share more information throughout the network.

New technologies will require more complex

solutions and these solutions can be achieved
with maximum space available.
The Capacity of Cellular
Network (cont)
The capacity of cellular systems can be
increased by;

Frequency borrowing

Cell splitting

Cell sectoring

Microcells
Frequency Borrowing
RF bandwidth is the most important
constraint in wireless systems.
So to increase the capacity, frequency of
Radio Signals and wireless systems shall be
increased.
To do this, frequencies are taken from
adjacent cells by congested cells.
Cell Splitting
The unit area of RF coverage for cellular
network is called a cell.
In each cell, a base station transmits from a
fixed cell site location, which is often centrally
located in the cell.
In base stations where the usage of cellular
network is high, these cells are split into
smaller cells.
Cell Splitting (cont)
The radio frequencies are reassigned, and
transmission power is reduced.

A new cell site must be constructed when a cell is

split

Cell splitting is one of the easy and less costly

solution when increasing the capacity of cellular
network.

Splitting the cells into smaller ones also lead to a

new solution called cell sectoring.
Cell Sectoring
Sectorization consists of dividing an
omnidirectional (360 degree) view from the
cell site into non-overlapping slices called
sectors.
When combined, sectors provide the same

coverage but they are considered to be

separate cells.
Also considered as one of easy and

inexpensive capacity increasing solution.

Cell Sectoring
Microcells
As the splitting of cell idea evolves, the usage
of smaller cells become efficient and it leads
the creation of microcells.

The aim of creating microcells are increasing

the capacity of cellular network in areas
where population is high.
Microcells (cont)
Typical comparison can be made like this;

Cells typically range in size from two to twenty

kilometers in diameter.

Microcells range from about a hundred meters to

a kilometer in diameter.
The Cellular Network Past

AMPS

Two Standards
IS-95 (CDMA)
IS-136(D-AMPS)
The Cellular Network Today
The Cellular Network Today
Present Day

Becoming increasingly popular

Mobile phones are extremely common

More devices will use cellular network

World becomes smaller and more united

2G and 3G Systems
The Cellular Network in Future
The Cellular Network in Future
Next Generation 3G System
Use of common global frequencies for all cellular
networks.
Worldwide roaming.
Standardization of radio interfaces.
High data transmission rates for both circuit and
packet switched data.
Efficient spectrum utilization schemes.
From GSM to UMTS
Upgrade to provide better data transmission
Conclusion
Useful and cheap service

Services provided by network operators

High speed data networks

Industry working on mobile communication

technologies

The voice and data services the ideal

communication
References
http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds7-2/cellular.html
http://wireless.per.nl:81/reference/chaptr04/cellplan/cellular.htm
http://www.bsi.de/literat/doc/gsm/index_e.htm
http://www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol1/pr4/arti
cle1.html#one
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network
http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?
wo=2004068777&IA=WO2004068777&DISPLAY=CLAIMS
http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~jandrews/ee381k/EE381KTA/article
6.pdf
http://www.leapforum.org/published/internetworkMobility/split/nod
e33.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
CellularRadioSystems-M.afak
Questions
Question1
How can Cellular network capacities will be
improve in the future?

A:There are lots of solutions for improving

the capacity of the Network. But the one of
the most logical one is, using the logical
solution cell in the sector with adaptive
antennas. And using more cells where the
number of subscriber is bigger.
Question2
Why Base stations of GSM operators trying to
expand around the Turkey?

A: The communication between mobiles and base stations is

provided with radio signals. More base stations amplify the radio
signal and make a strong communication over the mobiles. For
example when you water the tribunes from the middle of a stadium,
you cannot reach every point of the tribunes. But when you water
the tribunes from the corners, you can reach every point of the
tribunes. Hence the GSM operators in the Turkey are trying to reach
every point for creating a powerful signal area all over the country.
Question3
Why we need the frequency reuse? What are
the reasons?

A: We need frequency reuse because we

have a bandwidth. If we use same frequency
in every cell, the other cells make
interference. Hence the specific frequency is
trying to not use by the other cells.