Grammar

Prepared by Miss Ellie Blossom

Utonium
Parts of Speech.
They are:
1.1 Parts of Speech - NOUN
Words used as the names of persons/ things/ places.
Note: The word thing includes all objects which we can SEE,
HEAR, TASTE, TOUCH or SMELL.
4 types of nouns:-
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Collective Nouns
Abstract Nouns
 Common Nouns

Eg: wallet, ball, table, chair, book, college, glass, girl, etc.

Proper Nouns

Eg: Haikal, Britney, Klang, Astro, Petronas, Nokia, Gucci, etc.

Collective Nouns

Eg: a school of fish, a herd of cows, a box of chocolates, a

team of players etc.

Abstract Nouns

Eg: sad, plagiarism, cooperation, honesty etc.

1.1 Parts of Speech - PRONOUN
Defined as a word which can be used instead
of a noun.
We use pronouns very often, especially so that
we do not have to keep on repeating a noun.
Words that take the place of nouns.
3 levels:-
- 1st person (I, We)
- 2nd person (You)
- 3rd person (He, She, It)

Eg: Johan is a boy. He studies in our school.

SINGULAR
PERSO SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSI INTENSIVE
N VE REFLEXIVE
1st I Me Mine Myself
2nd You You Yours Yourself
3rd He/ She/ Him/ His/ Hers Himself/ Herself/
It Her/ It Itself

PLURAL

PERSO SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSI INTENSIVE

N VE REFLEXIVE
1st We Us Ours Ourselves
2nd You You Yours Yourselves
3rd They Them Theirs Themselves
1.1 Parts of Speech - ADJECTIVE

A word that describes or tells us more

about a noun.
Gives some idea of what the noun is like.
Adjectives are said to qualify nouns.
A. Shana is a clever girl.
B. Manchester United displayed great team spirit.
1.1 Parts of Speech - VERB
Occur at the centre of the predicate.
The main part of a sentence.
May denote actions or states of being.
A verb is a doing word.
Eg: a) We saw the cricket match.
b) She runs as fast as Usain Bolt.
1.1 Parts of Speech - ADVERB
Provides information about the
verb/adjective or another adverb.
Most adverbs end in -ly but not all.
Generally there are 5 types:-
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb Expressing Emphasis
 Adverb of Manner
- These adverbs tell us how something is
done.
Eg: a) He worked systematically.
b) He plays tennis well.
Adverb of Place
- These adverbs tell us where the action takes
place.
Eg: a) The manager is there.
b) He is going abroad this year.
 Adverb of Time
- These adverbs tell us when the action takes
place.
Eg: a) He will be arriving tomorrow.
b) Negotiations have now begun.
Adverb of Degree
- These adverbs tell us the degree to which the
action takes place.
Eg: a) I quite like her.
b) It is a very hot day.
 Adverb Expressing Emphasis
- These adverbs emphasizes the action taking
place.
Eg: a) The train is certainly going to be late.
b) You are absolutely right about this.
1.1 Parts of Speech - PREPOSITION
Pre-position = placed before.
Used to indicate position, time, duration, location,
etc.
Usually placed before a noun.
Eg: a) The books are on the table.
b) The couple rested under the tree.
1.1 Parts of Speech - CONJUNCTION

They are joining words.

They may link words, phrases, clauses or
sentences.
Join two ideas.
Eg: a) I like to read books and magazines.
b) He is my friend but your enemy.
1.1 Parts of Speech - INTERJECTION

A word which expresses sudden feelings of joy,

sorrow or surprise.
Expressions which deal with emotions.
Eg: a) Hooray! We won the match.
b) Alas! Her only son is dead.
Class activity:
Create 2 (TWO) sentences for each of the parts of speech
that you have just learnt.
In each sentence, underline the part of speech.
Subject-verb Agreement
 Subject-Verb Agreement

Do I need an Or should I
s at the end leave the s
of the verb? off?
This presentation
covers
maintaining
agreement
between subjects
and verbs.
A subject-verb agreement item
on an objective test might look
like this . . .
Sample
The foods thatItem
provide good nutrition
The foods that provide good nutrition is
The foods that provide good nutrition is
are
A B
A B
often the least tasty; a hamburger and
often the least tasty; a hamburger and
fries,
fries,
on the other hand, satisfy the tongue
on the other hand, satisfy
satisfythe thetonguetonguebut
but
but
C
clog the arteries. C Does
clog the arteries. Is
Is
Doesto be
needs
needs to be
clog the arteries. disagreement
disagreement
the plural are
plural
thehappen are ,,
happen at
at
A. provides which
which option
provide option
is
B
B
A. provides provide ,
,
fixes. is ,
, or
or
B. provides
A. are fixes.
satisfy
satisfy??
B. are
C. are
B. satisfies
C. satisfies
D. satisfies
C. No change is necessary.
D. No change is necessary.
Agreement in a Nutshell
The elephant
trumpets for a
peanut.
elephant = singular subject
trumpets = singular verb

The elephants
trumpet for
peanuts.
elephants = plural subject
trumpet = plural verb
 In the present
tense, singular
verbs end in the suffix
s; plural verbs do
not.
Two [or more] singular nouns joined
by and make a plural subject.

The chicken wing and pork rib sit untouched on Ruths

plate.

Because theres no s at
the end of sit, you
know its a plural verb.
When each or every precedes two [or
more] singular nouns joined by and,
you have a singular subject.
Every chicken wing and pork rib sits
untouched on Ruths plate.

Because there is an
s at the end of sit,
you know its a
singular verb.
In this situation, no matter how many
singular nouns you join with and, the
Every chicken
subject is still wing, pork rib,
singular.
slice of pepperoni pizza,
hotdog, hamburger, steak,
and fried shrimp sits

X X X X
untouched on Ruths plate.
Im a
vegetarian!

X X
Use caution with these three
conjunctions: either or, neither nor,
and not only but also.

Not only the boss

employees
but alsobuther
also
employees wishes
wish
their boss wish thethe
the
shift
shift
shift
would
would
would
end.
end.

Youll flip two

If youhave the two
subjects,
subjects,but
so
only theemployees
that closer one is
next
in this
to
verb, boss
the case then wish
counts
will work!
!
These indefinite pronouns are
always singular [even when they
seem plural].

Each, either, neither

Anyone, anybody, anything
Everyone, everybody, everything
No one, nobody, nothing
Someone, somebody, something
Everyone
Everyone on on Earth
Earth ==
more
more than
than one
one person
person
billions
billions of
of people,
people, in
in
fact.
fact.
The word everyone
The word everyone,,
however,
however, is is still
still
singular
singular..
Beware interrupting phrases.
As well as Including

Along with In addition to

Together with Especially

The squirrel as well as the pigeons

keeps
keep anan
eye
eyeonon
Sammy,
Sammy, the
the
sneaky
sneaky
cat.

This sentence might

Bad
sound right, but it is
kitty!
completely wrong!
Beware inverted word order.

Here isare
thethe
onions
onionsyou
you
need
needforfor
the
the
chili.
In theInrefrigerator
chili. the refrigerator are
is theis
jalapeo
the
the
jalapeo
jalapeo
peppers
you might
peppers you
want
might
to add.
want to add.

Here and Cross through

there are prepositional
never the phrases to find
subjects. the real subject!
Quick Test
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
No change is necessary.

Show me
what you
know.
Item 1
In the cabinet are
is the
the
tools
tools
that
that
you
you
will
will
need
need
In the cabinet is the tools that you will need
to
to
AA
unclog the bathroom sink; I have found that
unclog the bathroom sink; I have found that a
a
B
plunger and a prayer often do the trick.
plunger and a prayer often do the trick.
C
A. are
A. are
A. are
B. has
B. has
C. does
C. does
D. No change is necessary.
D. No change is necessary.
Item 2
Here are the books that Thomas and Darlene
Here are the books that Thomas and Darlene
A
need for their research, and here is the
need for their research, and here is
arethe
the
earplugs
earplugs
BB
that youll require once they both doze off in
that youll require once they both doze off in
C
boredom and start snoring.
boredom and start snoring.
A. is
A. is
B. are
B.
B. are
are
C. dozes
C. dozes
D. No change is necessary.
D. No change is necessary.
Item 3
Jasmine and Rodney have
have decided
decided to
to double
double
the
A
number of cupcakes that they are
are baking
baking
since
B
everyone love
love moist
lovesmoist
moistcake
cake
cake
and
and
andchocolate
chocolate
chocolate
frosting.
CC

A. has
B. is
C. loves
loves
D. No change is necessary.
Item 4 those students but also their
Not only
Not only those students but also their
professor
professor
looks forward to the final exam; everyone
look forward
look forwardto
tothe
thefinal
finalexam;
exam;everyone
everyonehas
has
has
A B
A B
exciting vacation plans that start
startnext
next
exciting vacation plans that start next
Monday.
Monday.
C
C
A. looks
A. looks
B. have
B. have
C. starts
C. starts
D. No change is necessary.
ItemAt5the pet store, each iguana, mouse, and
At the pet store, each iguana, mouse, and
gerbil
gerbil
tries
try toto
climb
climbthe
the
walls
walls
ofof
itsits
glass
glass
cage
cage
while
while
try to climb the walls of its glass cage while
AA
humans hover outside like giant predators
humans hover outside like giant predators
who are
who are
B
C
ready to strike.
ready to strike.
A. tries
A. tries
A. tries
B. hovers
B. hovers
C. is
C. is
D. No change is necessary.
Item 6
Tyrone, as well as his cousins, hope
hopethat
hopes that
that
Grandma
AA
brings her
brings herfamous
famousbrownies
browniesand
andpeach
peachpiepie
that
B
drip with
drip withgenerous
generousscoops
scoopsof
ofvanilla
vanillaice
ice
cream.
C

A. hopes
A. hopes
B. bring
C. drips
D. No change is necessary.
Item 7
Either the dogs or the cat sleep
sleepon
sleepsonon
the
the
the
bed
bed
bed
while
AA
everyone is
is out;
out; Lorraine
Lorraine always
always finds
findsanan
B C
indentation in the center of her comforter.

A. sleeps
A. sleeps
B. are
C. find
D. No change is necessary.
ItemMeryl,
8 together with her friends Beatrice and
Laverne,

plans aadaily
plans dailytrip
tripfor
forice
icecream,
cream,for
forthese
these
women
A
have discovered
have discovered that
that the
the calories
calories is
isworth
areworth
worth
seeing
B CC
Theo scoop their servings with his muscular
arms.

A. plan
B. has
C. are
Item 9
The scissors are
are sharp,
sharp, soso neither
neither the
the cousins
cousins
nor
A
Timmy isis allowed
allowed to to play
play with
with them,
them, even
even
when the
B
boys needs
needsto
need to
tofinish
finish
finishaaaschool
school
schoolproject.
project.
project.
CC

A. is
B. are
C. need
need
D. No change is necessary.
Item 10
Each fork, spoon, and knife are
are
is scarred
scarred
scarred
from
from
from
the
AA
disposal since Drew refuses
refusestotocheck
checkthe
the
drain
B
before he throws
throwsthe
theswitch.
switch.
C

A. is
A. is
B. refuse
C. throw
D. No change is necessary.
 Grammar Bytes!
provides additional
handouts and exercises
on subject-verb
agreement.
chom
Go to
p!
chompchomp.com !
chom
p!
 The End.

Bad
kitty!