Rates Of Reaction

Flow Of Learning
 Meaning Of Rate Of
Reaction
MEASUREMENT OF RATES OF
REACTION:
Plot graph of quantity of
product /
reactant against time
Calculate the average rate
of reaction
Calculate the rate of
reaction-The
at the specific
meaning time
of Collision
from theTheory.
graph.
EXPLANATION FOR -To
THEexplain
RATE OFhow each factor
REACTION
increases
BASED ON COLLISION THEORY :

Particle Size
Concentration
Temperature
Catalyst
 Is proven by

Experiment On Effect Of
Surface Area
Experiment On Effect Of
Concentration
Experiment On Effect Of
Temperature
Experiment On Effect Of
Catalyst
How KFC can cook Fried chicken in
quickly?
Application of The Rate Of reaction
In daily Activities
 Observable changes
in quantity that use to
Meaning rate of determine rate of Unit for rate of
reaction reaction
reaction

Rate Of Reaction

Measurement
Rate Of Reaction

Avarage rate of Rate Of reaction at

reaction specific time

Factors that affect rate of reaction

 Rate
Speed = total Distance/Total time
K.L
J.B
Speed= Speed=
= =

= =
300km/h 100km/h
 Reaction Types
2
1
Chemical

Bonds are made / broken

Change in oxidation states
Plasma
Li+1

P+1 P+1
Reactivity Chemical
properties/
Combustibilitychanges/
reactions (i.e.,
Gas formation reactivity,
combustibility).
development of a
Precipitate
gas, formation of
precipitate, and
Color change change in color).
 Hydrogen-VERY
reactive.
Helium-Non-reactive.
he speeds of reactions are very varie
Rusting is a slow reaction, you
hardly see any change looking at it!
The weathering of rocks is an
extremely very slow reaction.

weathering of rocks
The
fermentation
of sugar to
alcohol is
quite slow but
you can see the
carbon dioxide
bubbles
forming in the
'froth' in a
laboratory
experiment or
Bubble
beer making in
gas
industry!
 A faster reaction example
is magnesium reacting
with hydrochloric acid to
form magnesium chloride
and hydrogen or the even
faster reaction between
sodium and water to form
sodium hydroxide.
Combustion reactions e.g.
when a fuel burns in air or
oxygen, is a very fast
Combustibility O2
The tendency to
react with
Oxygen,
releasing heat.

BURNING
evidence of Chemical
Change:
development of a gas
formation of precipitate
change in color
 Meaning Of Rate Of
Reactions
The rate of reaction is a
measurement of the change in the
quantity of reactant or product
against time:

Rate Of Reaction= Change in quantity of reactant / product

Time taken

Student ans: Changes of reactant or

product against time (0 Mark)
 Meaning Of Rate Of
Reaction
A rate of reaction is high if the
reaction occurs fast within a short
period of time..
A rate of reaction is low if the
reaction occurs slowly within a long
period of time..
A rate of reaction is inversely
proportional to time:
Rate of reaction 1
time
 Meaning Of Rate Of
Reactions
The Higher rate
of reaction the
shorter time
taken to granule powder
complete the
reaction
The lower rate of
reaction the
longer time
taken
Which is the to
higher rate of 5 1
complete
reaction? minute minute
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O
+ CO2 (g)
Observable Measurement Of
Changes Reaction
Rate of reaction =
Changes of mass

= Z gs-
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O
+ CO2 (g)
Observa Measurement Of Reaction
ble
Changes
Changes Rate of reaction =

of
volume = Z cm3s-
 Observable changes
The change in amount of reactant / product that can
be measured :
Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of
the reactant per unit of time.
Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of
the product of reaction per unit of time
Total volume of the gas released.
Formation of precipitate.
Decrease in total quantity of
mass / concentration of the
reactant per unit of time.
Increase in total amount of mass /
concentration of the product of
reaction per unit of time
Total volume of the gas released.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

Delivery tube
Conical burett water
flask e

Must
shad
e!
Formation of precipitate.
Na2SO3+2HClNaCl+S+SO2+
H20 PERCIPITATE

stopwatch
Precipitate the
formation of
insoluble ionic
compounds.
oes NOT dissolve in water.
Example:
Study the reaction: Between calcium
carbonate and excess 1 mol dm-3
hydrochloride acid.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2OMass
+ofCO
CaCO2
3
(g)
Concentration of HCl
(g) (mole dm-3)

time (s) time (s)

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

Concentration of CaCl2
(mole dm-3) Volume of CO2
(cm3)

time (s) time (s)

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

stopwatc
h
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydromet
er
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydromet
er
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)

Displacement Of water
 Remember !!!
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +
H2O + CO2 (g)
Quantities of
reactant will
decreases against
time
Quantities of
product will
increases against
time
Measurement Rate Of Reaction
Two ways to measure rate of reaction.
1. Average Rate Of Reaction. :
It is determined by calculating the total amount of
reactant used or the total amount of product
formed in a specific time.
2. Rate Of Reaction at a specific time :
It is determined by calculating the gradient of the
graph at the time.
 Introduction to the Rate of
Reaction
1. A reaction between small pieces of excess
calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid
0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study the rate
of reaction at interval time. The volume of gas
released is recorded in the table below.
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
40 40

30 30

37.00cm 3 27.00cm3

Volume : 37-27=10 cm3

 (a)
Draw an apparatus to shows how this experiment
can be conducted at laboratory.
Must label the
diagram!
 x
x


 (b)
Write a balance chemical equation for this
reaction.

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) +

H2O + CO2 (g)
 (c)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2H++2Cl- Ca2++2Cl- + H2O
+ CO2

CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2++ H2O + CO2

Remember !!!
Only separate soluble
salt
Dont separate covalent and
insoluble salt
 (d)
Carbon dioxide gas
 (e)
A reaction between small pieces of excess
calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric
acid 0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study
the rate of reaction at interval time.
Number of mole in the solution will
use :
Mol, = MV
n 100
0
0.05(80)
=
100
=0
0.004
mol
 (f)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

From the chemical

equation :
Mole Ratios:
2 mol HCl : 1
mol CO2
0.004 mol : 0.004 mol 1 mol CO2
HCl HCl
2 mol HCl
= 0.002 mol CO2

Volume of gas Co2 at

= 0.00224
room condition
= 0.048 dm =48 cm
3 3
 (g)
Because some of carbon dioxide
gas can escape to surrounding
during the experiment.(carbon
dioxide dissolve in water)
 (h)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

Time(second) 0 30 60 90 120

Burette x y z
reading(cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5

Total volume x-x x-y x-z

of gas(cm3) 0.00 16.00 26.00
Volume of CO2, cm3
50

45

40

35

30

25 Connect
20
the point
without using
15
ruler!
10
Not all the
5 point is
0
connected
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time , s
Volume of CO2 cm3
50

45

40

35

30

25 Cannot like this

20
graph
Straight line
15
Its must be
10
smooth graph
5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time s
 (i)
Average Rate Of reaction
The average rate of reaction in the first 90 seconds.
= The total volume of gas released in the first 90 seconds
Time taken
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

33.590=0.372
= unit
cm s3 3 -1
Not cm per second
 i(ii)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

The average rate of reaction in the whole experiment.

= The total volume of gas released in the whole experiment
Time taken

= 47.5180= 0.264

cm s 3 -1
 (h)
Volume of gas against
time
y x
How to fit your scale in
graph?
For y: use ratio 5: 10
Check its enough by 510=0.5
Maximum volume 47.50.5=95
small
How boxes
about
3010=3
x:?
Maximum 2403=80 small
boxes
 Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Total volume = p/q cm3
of Hydrogen s-1
gas/cm3 Tangent is a
B line that touch
n t just 1 point of
n ge graph in order
Ta p to calculate
gradient
A
q

Cannot take directly at

x
t
Time
Tangent
Cannot touch
more than 2 point
because each of
point have
different gradient

Only touch 1 point of

curve
50

45

40

e n t
35
Same length a n g
t
30

25

20

15

10 Same angle degree

5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
 Analysis of data
Total Volume of
CO2(cm3)
F

D
E
Rate of reaction at t1 =
B gradient AB
Rate of reaction at t2 =
C
gradient CD
Rate of reaction at t3 =
gradient EF
Each of point
A
have different
gradient!
t1 t2 t3
Time
 Two method to
calculate
tangent:
Total volume
of Hydrogen
gas/cm3
number of small
B
t boxes value of
n
n ge 1 small unit box
Ta
Y

Time
 First Method
Gradient of
Total volume graph:
of Hydrogen m= Y
gas/cm3
X
B
m= Y2-y1
y2
n t X2-x1
n ge
Ta

y1 A

x1 x2 Time
 Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Total volume = p/q cm3
of Hydrogen s-1
gas/cm3
B

n t
n ge
Ta p

A
q

t
Time
 Analysis of data
Total Volume of
CO2(cm3)
F

D
E
Rate of reaction at t1 =
B gradient AB
Rate of reaction at t2 =
C
gradient CD
Rate of reaction at t3 =
gradient EF
A

t1 t2 t3
Time
 (j)
From the answer of question (i) (iii) and (i) (iv),
make a conclusion from the
calculation of this experiment.

Ans : Rate of reaction will

decreases
 (k)
Explain why does there is a difference of the rate
of reaction at 30 second and 120 second.

Ans: Rate of reaction at 30

second is higher because
number of particles of reactant is
higher than 120 second
 (l)
In your opinion, what will happen to the rate of
reaction if,
The concentration of acid is increased.
A calcium carbonate powder is used in this
experiment.
The volume of acid is increased.(rate of
reaction remain unchanged)
The temperature of acid is increased.
A bigger conical flask is used.(rate of reaction
decreases)
The conical flask containing acid is shaken.