Programming Java

Java Basics

Incheon Paik

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 Contents
 Background
 The Java Virtual Machine
 Applications & Applets
 Classes & Objects
 The 3 Principles of Object Oriented Programming
 Start up Java
 Variables & Assignments
 Strings & Characters
 Arithmetic Operators & Expressions
 Type Conversion
 Comments
 Arrays
 Keywords

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 Background / History
 Sun Microsystems Inc.
 James Gosling

 1990, “Green Project”

 1991, Develop the Language for Household Products => To Genera
l Developing Language

 Java
 James Gosling, Arthur Van Hoff, Andy Bechtolsheim

 Coffee Materials in Indonesia

 Write once, Run everywhere

 Spread Rapidly through WWW and Internet

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 Byte Code and Java Virtual Machine
 Existing Development Environment

Binary
File

Compiler(Pentium) Pentium

Source Binary
Code File

Compiler(PowerPC) PowerPC

Binary
%cc Hello.c –o Hello File
% Hello Compiler(SPARC) SPARC

Run Binary Code

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 Bytecodes and the Java Virtual Machine
 Java Development Environment

Java
Interpreter
Java Compiler
(Pentium) Pentium
Java Java
Java
Code ByteCode
Interpreter
(Independent on
Java Compiler Platform)
PowerPC
(PowerPC)
Java
%javac Hello.java Interpreter
Hello.class created

% java Hello Java Compiler SPARC

(SPARC)
Run JVM Byte Code
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 Java Program
 Java Application Program
 Application

 Program written in general programming languag

 Applet
 Program running in Web Browser Environment

 Can be viewed by appletviewer or Web browser wi

th JVM

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 Classes and Objects
 Object
 Memory Space to Define State and Operation

 Instance of Class

 Class
 Template of Creating Object

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 The 3 Principles of Object Oriented
Programming
 Encapsulation
 Control Access the data and method in program code

 Inheritance
 Inherit the data and methods of parent class

 Polymorphism

Shape getArea()
Shape Obj = new Ellipse();
Obj.getArea();

Ellipse Rectangle Triangle

Which Area?

getArea()
getArea() getArea()

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 The Java Class Libraries
 java.applet : Applet related
 java.awt : Abstract Window Toolkit
 java.awt.event : Event process from awt component
 java.awt.image : Image processing
 java.beans : JavaBeans Component
 java.io : File or Network I/O Support
 java.lang : Java Language Support
 java.net : Network related functions
 java.util : Utility function

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 Java 2 SDK
 Java 2 Software Development Kit (Java 2 SDK)
 Java Application or Applet Development and

Running Environment

 Java 2 Runtime Environment (JRE)

 Java Running Environment

 Java 2 Standard Edition

 Java 2 Micro Edition
 Java 2 Enterprise Edition

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 Start a Java Application
Java C
Class Name Main Function
“Hello.java” “hello.c”
Main method
class Hello { void main() {
public static void main(String args[]) { printf(“Hello World\n”);
System.out.println(“Hello World”); }
}

% javac Hello.java Compile % cc hello.c –o hello

Run
% java Hello % hello

Result Hello World

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 Variables and Assignments
 Variables
 Types
 char 16bits Unicode character data
 boolean Boolean Variable
 byte 8 bits signed integer
 short 16 bits signed integer
 int 32 bits signed integer
 long 64 bits signed integer
 float 32 bits signed floating point number
 double 64 bits signed floating point number

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 Variables and Assignments
Variable Declaration
type varName; float x, y, x;

Value assignments
varName = value;

int num = 100;

long m = 21234234L
double type : .5 0.8 9e-2 -9.3e-5
float type : 1.5e-3f;

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 Strings and Characters

 String : sequence of character

String s = “Enter an integer value: ” ;
Char c = ‘A’; Unicode

 Concatenation Operator ‘+’

String s = “Lincoln said: ” + “\” Four score and seven years ago\”” ;
Result :
Lincoln said: “Four score and seven years ago”

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 Arithmetic Operators
 Operators
 + - * / %

 += -= *= /= %=
 ++ --

5/2  2 Why isn’t it 2.5 ?

5%2  1
4/2  2
4%2  0
 count * num + 88 / val – 19 % count

 j += 6;  j = j + 6;

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 Type Conversions in Expression
char ch; int i; float f; double outcome;
ch = ‘0’; i = 10; f = 10.2f;
outcome = ch * i / f;
int
float
double double
Yes No

double float
Yes No

float long
Yes No

long int

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 Type Conversions in Assignment
 Widening Conversion
byte b = 127;
int i;
i = b;
 Narrowing Conversion
byte b;
int i = 258;
b = (byte) i;
 Wrong Conversion
byte b;
int i = 127;
b = i;
 Right Conversion (But data may be lost)
byte b;
int i = 127;
b = (byte) i;

Type Casting

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 Comments
 Single Line Comment
 int i = 10 ; // i is counter

 Multiple Line Comment

/*
Some comments
*/
 Documentation Comment
/** Using “javadoc” Tool,
Documentation Comment make document

*/

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 Arrays ( One Dimensional)

Definition of One Dimensional Array

type VarName[]
int ia[];

Assign Range to One Dimensional Array

varName = new type[size]

ia = new int[10];

Declaration of One Dimensional Array with Range

type varName[] = new type[size]

int ia[] = new int[10];

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 Arrays ( One Dimensional)

Number of elements in Array

varName.length

Initialization of One Dimensional Array

Type varName[] = {e0, … , en};

int j[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int k[];
K = j;

Example 1.15

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 Arrays ( Multi-Dimensional)

Definition of Two Dimensional Array

type VarName[][];
float fa[][];

Assign Range to Two Dimensional Array

varName = new type[size1][size2];

fa = new float[2][3];

Declaration of Two Dimensional Array with Range

type varName[][] = new type[size1][size2];

float fa[] = new float[2][3];

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 Arrays ( Two Dimensional)

Number of elements in Multi-Dimensional Array

varName.length Number of Raw

Number of elements in Each elements of Multi-Dimensional Array

varName[index].length

Initialization of Multi-Dimensional Array

Type varName[][] = {{e00, … , e0n}, {e10,…,e1y}, {e20, …, e2z}};

Example 1.16

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 Java Keywords

 50 Java Keywords
abstract double int super
boolean else interface switch
break extendslong synchronized
byte final native this
case finally new throw
catch float package throws
char for private transient*
class goto* protected try
const* if public void
continue implements return volatile
default import short while
do instanceof static strictfp
assert (New in 1.5) enum (New in 1.5)
The “assert” is recognized as keyword in JDK1.4 compiler, but we could not use it.
It can be used it from 1.5.

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 Exercise
 Step 1
 Refer to this lecture (slide #11)

 Step 2 (How to make & run Applet)

 (1) Make Applet Program
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends java.applet.Applet {
public void paint (Graphics g) {
g.drawString(“Hello World!”,5,25); }
}  // end of Applet
 (2) Compile(using javac) to create HelloWorldApplet.class
 (3) Create HTML file (ex; HelloWorld.html) to include applet
<applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width="150" height="25">
 (4) Run Applet using Appletviewer or Applet enabling Web browser
% appletviewer HelloWorld.html

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 Exercise
 Step 3 (Type Conversion)
 Refer to this lecture (slides #16,17)

 Step 4 (Array)
 Refer to this lecture (slide #22)

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