Antennas

&
Propagation
Lecture VI
Propagation
Antennas &
-1-

Mischa Dohler

Kings College London

Centre for Telecommunications Research
 Overview of Lecture VI

- Review of Lecture V
- Antenna Analysis and Synthesis
- Uda-Yagi Antenna
Lecture VI
Propagation
Antennas &
-2-

- Turnstile Antenna
- Loop Antenna
- Helical Antenna
- Quadrifilar Helix Antenna
 -3-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Review
 Mutual Impedance

1
Z 21 E z , 21 z I 2 z dz
I 1 ( 0) I 2 ( 0) L 2

Z 21 R21 j X 12
Lecture VI
Propagation
Antennas &
-4-

Approximated current distribution:

1
I 2 ( z ) I 2,max sin k L2 z
2
Electromagnetic Field in the Near Field:

e jkR1 e jkR2 e jkr

E z , 21 P j 30 I max 2 cos k T
R1 R2 r
 Linear Antenna Array

z
P(r, , )

Lecture VI
Propagation

y
Antennas &

-5-

1 cos sin cos mixed elevation & azimuth

2 cos pure elevation

 Principle of Pattern Multiplication

Constant (similar to all structures)

1 e jkr
H j sin P0 2 f 1 E H
2 r
Lecture VI
Propagation
Antennas &
-6-

Individual Pattern ARRAY FACTOR

(of 1 antenna element) (different for each Array)

N 1
f 1 I n e jk d n 1

n 0
 Uniform Array
N 1
f 1 I n e jk d n 1 I n 1 e j n

n 0

N 1
f u e
Array
Lecture VI

j nu
Propagation

u kd 1
Antennas &
-7-

Factor
n 0 kd cos

Maximum (Main Beam) for u = 0 : cos
kd
Broadside Array Endfire Array

90 0 kd 0
 Array Polynomial

N 1
f A0 A1 z AN 1 z PN 1 ( z )
u=/2
Walking along the circle is like
walking around the array
1
Lecture VI
Propagation

u=0
Antennas &
-8-

Nulls on unity circle indicate no

radiation in that particular direction!

f ( z ) z z1 z z 2 z z N 1
x

Feeding Current: A0 e j arg A0 A1 e j arg A1 A2 e j arg A2 A3 e j arg A3 A4 e j arg A4

 -9-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Pattern Synthesis
 Odd Array

- Odd Array with N = 2m + 1

f A0 A1 z Am z m A2 m z 2 m
Lecture VI
Propagation

m m 1
f A0 z A1 z Am A2 m z m
-10-

Antennas &

N = 2*2 + 1 m=2
x

Feeding Current: A0 e j arg A0 A1 e j arg A1 A2 e j arg A2 A3 e j arg A3 A4 e j arg A4

 Fourier Coefficients

m m 1
f A0 z A1 z Am A2 m z m

- Symmetric feeding:

Am c0
Lecture VI
Propagation

Am n cn jd n
-11-

Antennas &

Am n cn jd n
- Trigonometric Series with z e ju & u kd cos

1 m

f 2 c0 cn cos nu d n sin nu
2 n 1
 Synthesis Procedure

1. Specify the Array Factor f() either

graphically or analytically

2. Find the Fourier series expansion

Lecture VI
Propagation
-12-

Antennas &

coefficients of f()

3. Relate the coefficients to the feeding

current amplitude and phase.

Example, see blackboard.

 -13-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Uda-Yagi Antenna
 3-element Uda-Yagi

z
d2 Endfire Regime

d1
y
Lecture VI
Propagation
-14-

Antennas &

Reflector Directivity 9dB

Driver reflector 5% longer
x
director 5% shorter
Director
d=d1=d2: 0.15 - 0.25
significant backlobe radiation
highly frequency sensitive
 2 - element antenna

1 driven element 1 parasitic element (reflector/director)

12 22
V1 I1Z11 I 2 Z12 Z12 j
I 2 I1 e 12 arctan X 12
R12

0 I 2 Z 22 I1Z12 Z 22
22 arctan X 22 R
Lecture VI

22
Propagation
-15-

Antennas &

Pattern Multiplication Principle (although not strictly applicable)

f 1 I1 I 2 e jkd 1
N 1
f 1 I n e jk d n 1

n 0

H P f 1 E H
 Reflector - Director

E-field in the Azimuth-plane: 1 cos cos

E C I1 I 2 e jkd cos

Z12 j kd cos
E C I1
Lecture VI

1 e
Propagation
-16-

Antennas &

Z 22

Maximum Radiation corresponding to cos
kd
kd kd
Reflector Director

180 0
 Reflector Director Length

Maximum Radiation corresponding to cos
kd
kd kd
Reflector Director

180
Lecture VI

0
Propagation
-17-

Antennas &

f Z 12,Z 22
insensitive to d/ sensitive to L/

d1 = d2 = d Reflector 5% longer

Director 5% shorter
 Reflector

90
2
120 60

1.5

150 1 30
Lecture VI

0.5
Propagation
-18-

Antennas &

180 0

210 330

240 300
Reflector Driver
270
 Director

90
2
120 60

1.5

150 1 30
Lecture VI

0.5
Propagation
-19-

Antennas &

180 0

210 330

240 300
Driver
270
Director
 3 - Element Uda-Yagi

90
2.8096
120 60
2.2477

1.6858
150 30
1.1238
Lecture VI

0.56192
Propagation
-20-

Antennas &

180 0

210 330

240 300
Reflector Driver
270
Director
 Application of Uda-Yagi

The Uda-Yagi is the most popular receiving

antenna in VHF-UHF due to:
Lecture VI
Propagation

Simple feeding system design

-21-

1.
Antennas &

2. Low cost

3. Light weight

4. Relatively high gain

 Application of Uda-Yagi

Higher frequencies cause higher propagation

losses. Thus higher gains with more directors are
required.

FM-Radio (88MHz-108MHz) 3 element UY

Lecture VI
Propagation
-22-

Antennas &

VHF TV (low) (54MHz-88MHz) 3 element UY

TV (high) (174MHz-216MHz) 5-6 element UY

UHF TV (470MHz-890MHz) 10-12 element UY

 Practical Design Criteria

1. Closer spacing between elements results in higher

front-to-back ratio with a broader main beam.

2. Wider spacing yields the opposite.

3. Wider spacing has a greater bandwidth.

Lecture VI

Uda-Yagi has broader bandwidth if reflector is longer

Propagation

4.
-23-

Antennas &

than optimum and director shorter.

5. Folded dipole as driven element to gain more radiation

power and broader bandwidth.

6. To broaden bandwidth reflector should be replaced by

flat sheet (or wire grid).

7. Tilted fan dipole for broader bandwidth.

 VHF TV Receive Antenna

Man-made noise was found to be preferably vertical polarised.

TV broadcast is horizontally polarised!

Lecture VI

Sheet Reflector
Propagation
-24-

Antennas &

Folded Dipole
Driver

Feeding Mast

5-6 Directors
 -25-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Corner Reflector
 Application of Corner Reflector

Tilted Dipole in the Corner

Reflector produces an
elliptically polarised wave.
Lecture VI
Propagation
-26-

Antennas &

Application
- Communication through ionosphere (Faraday Rotation)

- Minimises clutter echoes from raindrops

 -27-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Turnstile Antenna
 Turnstile Antenna
z
Small Cross-Dipole
E r EA r EB r with quadrature
P
r
A B current feeding:
dL y
Lecture VI

x
Propagation

I 0 I z jI x
-28-

Antennas &

k e jkr ^
EA r j I z dl sin
4 r
k e jkr ^ ^

EB r j I x dl cos cos sin
4 r
 Polarisations
k e jkr
I 0 dl sin j cos cos j sin
^ ^
E r j
4 r
x-z plane ( = 0)

k e jkr ^
E r j I 0 dl sin j cos Linearly Polarised
4 r
Lecture VI
Propagation
-29-

Antennas &

x-y plane ( = 90)

= 0 Linear Polarisation
k e jkr
I 0 dl j sin
^ ^
E r j 0 < < 90 Elliptical
4 r = 90 Circular

y-z plane ( = 90)

= 0 Linear Polarisation
k e jkr
I 0 dl sin j
^ ^
E r j 0 < < 90 Elliptical
4 r = 90 Circular
 Radiation Pattern

3-D Pattern of infinitesimal Turnstile Antenna

z
Radiation in all

directions!
y
Lecture VI

x
Propagation
-30-

Antennas &

2-D x-z plane Field Pattern of Turnstile Antennas

z z
Infinitesimal Finite Length

Turnstile Turnstile

x x
 Application

1. Circular polarisation in Broadside direction:

Satellite Communication

Radar Application
Lecture VI
Propagation

Communication of unstabilised space-crafts

-31-

Antennas &

2.

due to radiation property in all directions.

3. In x-z plane almost circular radiation pattern:

TV-broadcast transmit antenna

 -32-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Loop Antenna
 Loop Antennas (rectangular, loop)

Circular Loop

z Loop coefficients
B0, Bn see graph.

P
V

Lecture VI

I j B0 2 Bn cos n
r
Propagation
-33-

Antennas &

a y
n 1
x Radius of wire: b
Small Circular Loop

2
a e
jkr The Loop pattern has exactly the
H r I 0 sin same shape as that of a Hertzian
r Dipole, where the electric and

E r H r
magnetic fields are interchanged.
 Parameters of the Loop

Radiation intensity U k a
4

2 2
U I 02 sin 2
32 2
Radiation Power P k a
4

2 2
P I 02
12
Lecture VI
Propagation
-34-

Antennas &

20 k a
Radiation Resistance Rr 2 2 2
Rr

Directive Gain g
g 1.5 sin 2

Radiation Efficiency e Rr 10 k a
2 2 2

e
Rr RL a
10 k a
2 2 2

b 2
 Application
1. Bad transmitter, but spatially very compact:

Low Frequency AM receiver (HiFi)

Connection to high impedance to give high induced voltage.

Ferrite as kernel will give even better performance.

Lecture VI

Multiple loop turns to increase radiation resistance

Propagation
-35-

Antennas &

2. Directional Finder (combined with dipole):

z y
Dipole Resultant
Pattern

- + x
y
x
Loop
 -36-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Helical Antenna
 Helical Antenna

Diameter D

Number of turns N The Helical Antenna was

z
invented by John Kraus
in 1946. (see his books)
Turn spacing S
Lecture VI
Propagation
-37-

Antennas &

Pitch Angle

Circumference C

Ground Plane > /2

Operational Modes

Normal Mode Radiation Axial Mode Radiation

 Normal Mode Radiation

Diameter D

z
Lecture VI
Propagation
-38-

Antennas &

x Entire Helix
Length L

Normal Mode Radiation (broadside) appears if:

Current is sinusoidal

D << entire L << along wire, thus

radiation from a loop
 Axial Mode Radiation preferred mode

Axial Mode Radiation (endfire) appears if:

3/4 < C/ < 4/3

1. Narrow Mainbeam with minor

Lecture VI
Propagation
-39-

Antennas &

sidelobes
z
2. HPBW 1/(Number of turns)

3. Circular Polarisation
(orientation helix orientation)

y 4. Wide Bandwidth

5. No coupling between elements

x
6. Supergain Endfire Array
Circumference C
 Parameter of Axial Mode Radiation

HPBW 65 3
HPBW
C N S

Gain N S C2
Lecture VI

G 5
Propagation

3
-40-

Antennas &

Input Impedance C
Z in 140

Axial Ratio (Polarisation) 2N 1

AR
2N
 Application

1. High gain, large bandwidth, simplicity,

circular polarisation in AXIAL MODE:

Space Communication (200-300MHz)

Lecture VI

2. Arrays of Helixes with higher gain (they hardly couple!)

Propagation
-41-

Antennas &
 -42-

Antennas &
Lecture VI
Propagation

Antenna
Quadrifilar Helix
 Quadrifilar Helix Antenna

The Helical Antenna was invented by

Kilgus in 1968. (see his papers)

1. Used for communication between

Lecture VI

mobile user and non-

Propagation
-43-

Antennas &

geostationary satellite systems

2. Gives Circular Polarisation in all

directions, thus becomes
independent of elevation angle of
satellite.