Linux Basics

WeeSan Lee <[email protected]>

http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~weesan/cs
183/
Roadmap

What is Unix?
What is Linux?
Which Linux Distribution is better?
Fish vs. Fishing
Basic Commands
Vi and Emacs
Q&A
References
http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~we
What is Unix?

A multi-task and multi-user Operating System

Developed in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Labs by
Ken Thompson (Unix)
Dennis Ritchie (C)
Douglas Mcllroy (Pipes - Do one thing, do it well)
Some other variants: System V, Solaris, SCO
Unix, SunOS, 4.4BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD,
OpenBSD, BSDI

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What is Linux?
A clone of Unix
Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish
graduate student
Inspired by and replacement of Minix
Linus' Minix became Linux
Consist of
Linux Kernel
GNU (GNU is Not Unix) Software
Software Package management
Others

http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~we http://www.linuxdevices.com/files/misc/ibm-watchpad.jpg
What is Linux?
Originally developed for
32-bit x86-based PC
Ported to other
architectures, eg.
Alpha, VAX, PowerPC,
IBM S/390, MIPS, IA-64
PS2, TiVo, cellphones,
watches, Nokia N810,
NDS, routers, NAS, GPS,

* See references at the end

http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~we for the corresponding websites.
Which Linux Distribution is
better?
> 300 Linux Distributions
Slackware (one of the oldest, simple and stable distro.)
Redhat
RHEL (commercially support)
Fedora (free)
CentOS (free RHEL, based in England)
SuSe ( based in German)
Gentoo (Source code based)
Debian (one of the few called GNU/Linux)
Ubuntu (based in South Africa)
Knoppix (first LiveCD distro.)

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Which Linux Distribution is
better? Ubuntu
Debian
Knoppix

Slackware Gentoo

CentOS

Redhat

Source:
http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~we
http://futurist.se/gldt/
Which Linux Distribution is
better?
Ask yourself these questions (from LAH)
Is it going to be around in 5 yrs?
Is it giong to stay on top of the latest security
patches?
Is it going to release updated software promptly?
If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?
Personally, I use Slackware
But, we will use CentOS (possibly along with
Slackware :)
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Fish vs. Fishing
Manpage 4 Device drivers and
$ man ls network protocols
/dev/tty
$ man 2 mkdir
$ man man
5 Standard file formats
/etc/hosts
$ man -k mkdir 6 Games and demos
Manpage sections (LAH /usr/games/fortune
Table 1.2 @ page 12) 7 Misc. files and docs
1 User-level cmds and man 7 locale
apps
/bin/mkdir
8 System admin. Cmds
/sbin/reboot
2 System calls
int mkdir(const char *, );
$ manpath
3 Library calls $ env | grep MANPATH
int printf(const char *, ); /etc/man.config

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Fish vs. Fishing (cont)

Google
linux package management -rpm
linux package management -rpm
linux OR windows
rpm site:redhat.com
linux faq filetype:pdf
Info
Text-base, menu-based help from GNU
?, h, u, t, ^N, ^P, Enter
$ info info
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Basic Commands
ls which
$ ls -l $ which ls
$ ls -a whereis
$ ls -la $ whereis ls
$ ls -l --sort=time locate
$ ls -l --sort=size -r $ locate stdio.h
cd $ locate iostream
$ cd /usr/bin rpm
pwd $ rpm -q bash
$ pwd $ rpm -qa
~ $ rpm -qa | sort | less
$ cd ~ find
~user $ find / | grep stdio.h
$ cd ~weesan $ find /usr/include | grep stdio.h
What will cd ~/weesan do?

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Basic Commands (cont)
echo rm
$ echo Hello World $ rm foo
$ echo -n Hello World $ rm -rf foo
cat $ rm -i foo
$ cat /etc/motd $ rm -- -foo
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo chgrp
cp $ chgrp bar /home/foo
$ cp foo bar chsh
$ cp -a foo bar $ chsh foo
mv chfn
$ mv foo bar
$ chfn foo
mkdir
chown
$ chown -R foo:bar /home/foo
$ mkdir foo

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Basic Commands (cont)
tar Pipe
$ tar cvfp lab1.tar lab1 $ cal > foo
gzip $ cat /dev/zero > foo
$ gzip -9 lab1.tar $ cat < /etc/passwd
untar & ungzip $ who | cut -d -f1 | sort |
$ gzip -cd lab1.tar.gz | tar xvf uniq | wc l
$ tar xvfz lab1.tar.gz backtick
touch $ echo The date is `date`
$ touch foo $ echo `seq 1 10`
$ cat /dev/null > foo Hard, soft (symbolic) link
ln vmlinuz-2.6.24.4 vmlinuz
ln -s firefox-2.0.0.3 firefox

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Basic Commands (cont)
Disk usage
$ df -h /
File space usage
$ du -sxh ~/
Advance stuff
$ ssh eon who
$ ssh eon cd .html ; tar cvfp - cs183 | gzip -9c | tar
xvfpz -
$ ssh kilo-1 tar cvfp - /extra/weesan | tar xvfp - -C /

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Vi
2 modes Delete
dd (delete a line)
Input mode
d10d (delete 10 lines)
ESC to back to cmd mode d$ (delete till end of line)
Command mode dG (delete till end of file)
Cursor movement
x (current char.)
h (left), j (down), k (up), l (right)
Paste
^f (page down)
p (paste after)
^b (page up)
P (paste before)
^ (first char.) Undo
$ (last char.) u
G (bottom page) Search
:1 (goto first line) /
Swtch to input mode Save/Quit
a (append) :w (write)
i (insert) :q (quit)
o (insert line after :wq (write and quit)
O (insert line before) :q! (give up changes)

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Emacs
$ emacs Paste
Cursor movement ^y (yank)
^f (forward one char.) Undo
^b (backward one char.) ^/
^a (begin of line) Load file
^e (end of line) ^x^f
^n (next line) Cancel
^p (prev. line) ^g
^v (page up) Save/Quit
alt-v (page down) ^x^c (quit w/out saving)
Deletion ^x^s (save)
^d (delete one char) ^x^w (write to a new file)
alt-d (delete one word)
^k (delete line)

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Q&A

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References
LAH
Ch 1: Where to Start
Unix history
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Unix_h
istory-simple.svg
Linus Torvalds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
Linux Kernel
http://www.kernel.org/

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References
GNU (Gnus Not Unix)
http://www.gnu.org/
Linux Distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions
PS2: Computational Cluster
http://arrakis.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ps2/cluster.php
Linux Gadgets
http://linuxdevices.com/articles/AT4936596231.html
TiVo
http://dynamic.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp

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References
Nintendo DS Lite
http://www.nintendo.com/ds/

Nokia N810
http://www.nokia.com/

http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/17/nokia-n810-gets-official/

Linux Distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution

GNU/Linux Distro Timeline: http://futurist.se/gldt/

http://www.distrowatch.com/

http://www.linux.org/dist/

Google Advance Search

http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/refinesearch.html

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