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Tutorial TCL

This document provides an overview of Tcl/Tk, which includes: Tcl is a scripting language used to build commands and procedures on the fly. Tk is a GUI toolkit based on Tcl. Together Tcl/Tk allow for cross-platform GUI application development. The document then covers key Tcl/Tk concepts like syntax, variables, control structures, procedures, file I/O, and more. It provides examples to illustrate Tcl/Tk features like mathematical expressions, lists, arrays, regular expressions and string manipulation.

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332 views27 pages

Tutorial TCL

This document provides an overview of Tcl/Tk, which includes: Tcl is a scripting language used to build commands and procedures on the fly. Tk is a GUI toolkit based on Tcl. Together Tcl/Tk allow for cross-platform GUI application development. The document then covers key Tcl/Tk concepts like syntax, variables, control structures, procedures, file I/O, and more. It provides examples to illustrate Tcl/Tk features like mathematical expressions, lists, arrays, regular expressions and string manipulation.

Uploaded by

frfewfew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Tcl/Tk Tutorial

Dongsoo S. Kim
[email protected]

What is Tcl/Tk?

Tcl: Tool Command Language


Interpreted programming (scripting)

language
Build on-the-fly commands and procedures
Embeddable
Platform-independent

Tk:
GUI toolkit and widgets based on Tcl
Open source, cross-platform

Why Tcl/TK?

Easy and fast programming


Free
Lots of online documentation, mostly free

Resources

http://www.tcl.tk

Major applications use the Tcl as their


interfaces:
Ns2
Mentor Graphics

Hello World
% tcl
tcl>puts "Hello. World!"
Hello. World!
tcl>exit
%

Script File

Start the Tcl program followed by a


filename containing the script.

% cat hello.tcl
puts "Hello. World!"
% tcl hello.tcl
Hello. World!
%

Script as a Program

A script text file can be considered as a


program if
it is an executable file, and
its first line contains a full path name of the tcl

program following #!
% ls -l
-rwxr-xr-x
1 user
% which tcl
/usr/local/bin/tcl
% cat hello.tcl
#!/usr/local/bin/tcl
puts "Hello. World!"
% hello.tcl
Hello. World!
%

group

42 Jul

3 13:12 hello.tcl

Tcl Syntax

Simple syntax
command_name arg1 arg2

Print to screen (puts)


puts nonewline "Hello. "
puts "World!"

Assignment (set)
set income 32000
puts "The income is $income"

Use '$' to get the value of a variable (R-value)

Comments

A line started with a pond sign(#) is ignored


as comments until the end of the line
A command can be followed by a comment
in a line with by placing ;#
Exception
#! at the first line indicates the script program
It is a Unix rule, but not a Tcl rule
# the first script
puts nonewline "Hello. "
puts "World!

;# continuing

Multiple Commands in a
Line

A Tcl command is terminated by an


invisible new line character, or
A semicolon(;) can be used to
explicitly terminate a command
tcl>puts "Hello. "; puts "World! "
hello
world

A Command Stretched to Lines

A command can be stretched to


multiple lines by using backslashes (\)
The backslash and a following new line
character is ignored
Note: There must not be any characters
(even space characters) between the
backslash and the new line character
tcl>puts -nonewline \
=>"Hello. World!"
Hello. World!tcl>
10

Mathematical Expression

Mathematical expression command (expr)


Operators
arithmetic (+, -, *, /, %)
Bitwise (~, <<, >>, &, ^, |)
Logical (!, &&, ||)
Boolean (<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=)
String Boolean (eq, ne, <, >, <=, >=)
List containment (in, ni)
Ternary (x?y:z)
Math functions (log, sin, cos, )

Tcl>set pi 3.141592
Tcl>set r 2
Tcl>expr 2*$pi*$r
12.566368
Tcl>expr sin($pi/3)
0.866025294853
11

Sub-Command Evaluation

A Tcl command in a Tcl command: []


tcl>set a 3.0
tcl>set b $a+4
tcl>puts $b
3.0+4
tcl>set c [expr $a+4]
tcl>puts $c
7.0

12

Control Structures (if)

if {cond} {commands}
[ elseif {cond} {commands} ]
[ else {commands} ]
set sel 3
if {$sel
puts
} elseif
puts
} else {
puts
}

== 1} {
"Selection $sel"
{$sel == 2} {
"Selection $sel"
"Invalid selection"

13

Control Structures (while)

while {cond} {commands}

set i 1
set sum 0
while {$i <= 10} {
set sum [expr $sum+$i]
incr i
}

14

Control Structures (for)

for {init} {term} {incr} {statements}


puts "Fahrenheit\tCelcius"
for {set fahr 0} {$fahr < 100} {incr fahr} {
set celc [expr 5*($fahr-32)/9]
puts "$fahr\t\t$celc"
}
Fahrenheit
0
1
2
-17

Celcius
-18
-18

15

Control Structures (foreach)

Basic foreach
set weekdays {Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat}
foreach d $weekdays {
puts $d
}

foreach Variations
set Colors {red orange yellow green blue purple}
foreach {a b c} $Colors {
puts "$c--$b--$a
}
set Foods {apple orange banana lime berry grape}
foreach f $Foods c $Colors {
puts "a $f is usually $c"
}
foreach {a b} $Foods c $Colors {
puts "$a & $b are foods. $c is a color."
}

16

Procedures

Called by value only

Syntax
proc name arg-list proc-body
proc mile2km dist {
return [expr $dist*1.6]
}
puts "Miles \t KM"
for {set d 1} {$d < 10} {incr d} {
set km [mile2km $d]
puts "$d\t $km"
}
17

Variable scope

By default, all variables in a procedure


are local.
To access the variable outside of the
scope,
the command global.
set ause
5
set b 6
set c 7
proc var_scope { } {
global a
set a 3
set b 2
set ::c 1
}
var_scope
puts "The value for a b c is: $a $b $c"
18

Lists in Tcl

An ordered collection of elements


A string containing any number of elements
separated by white spaces (space or tab
characters). For example,
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
is a list with four element.
To save a list to a variable
set my_list [list a b c]
set my_list "a b c "
set my_list {a b c}

19

List Operations

concat join multiple list into a single list


join concatenate list elements into a string
lappend append elements to an existing list
lindex return an indexed element from a list
linsert insert an element to an existing list
list create explicitly a list from values
llength return the number of elements in a list
lrange return a sub-list from a list
lreplace return a new list after replacing elements
lsearch return the index of a searching pattern
lsort sort the list
split return a list by splitting a string by a split-char.

20

List Operations, Example


set weekday [list Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri]
set weekend {Sat Sun}
set week [concat $weekday $weekend]
puts $week
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
lindex $week 0
Mon
lindex $week end
Sun
llength $weekday
5

21

Lists of lists (of lists)


set a [list [list x y z]]
puts [lindex $a 0]
puts [lindex [lindex $a 0] 1]
puts [lindex [lindex $a 1] 0] (unexpected result)
set a [list x [list [list y] [list z]]]
=> How to get to the z?
set arg1 [list g [list f [list h [list i X]]] [list r Y] k]
set arg2 [list g [list f [list h [list i Y]]] [list r b] L]
set both [list $arg1 $arg2]
puts $both

23

Array operations
Associative arrays (string as index)
set color(rose) red
set color(sky) blue
set color(medal) gold
set color(leaves) green
set color(blackboard) black
puts [array exists color]
(tests if an array with the name "color" exists)
puts [array exists colour]
puts [array names color] (returns a list of the index
strings)
foreach item [array names color] {
puts "$item is $color($item)"
}
(iterating through array)
set lstColor [array get color] (convert array to list)
array set color $lstColor
(convert list to array)
24

Regular expressions

regsub
set stmt "Fan is one of Shanias fans"
regsub nocase "fan" $stmt "Kristy" newStmt
?switches? exp
string
subSpec ?
varName?
puts "$newStmt"
regsub nocase all "fan" $stmt "Kristy" newStmt
puts "$newStmt"

regexp

(returns 1 if the regular expression matches the string,


else returns 0)
puts [regexp nocase "fan" $stmt]
?switches? regexp string

format

puts [format "%s is a %d-year-old" Fan 26]


arg ...?

formatString

?arg
25

String operations
set statement "
Fan is a student
"
set statement [string trim $statement]
puts [string length $statement]
puts [string length statement]
puts [string index $statement 4]
puts [string index $statement end]
puts [string first "is" $statement]
(string last)
puts [string first $statement "is"]
puts [string range $statement 4 end]
puts [string replace $statement 9 end "professor"]
puts [string match "*student" $statement] (* ? [])

26

File Operations
set fRead [open source.txt r]
set fWrite [open target.txt w]
while {![eof $fRead]} {
set strLine [gets $fRead] ;#or gets $fRead strLine
regsub nocase all "fan" $strLine "kristy" strLine
puts $fWrite $strLine
}
close $fRead
close $fWrite
################
source.txt
################
Fan is a CSE student.
Fan is also one of Shanias fans.
Kristy and Fan are classmates.

27

Miscellaneous commands

eval: execute a command dynamically built


up in your program
set Script {
set Number1 17
set Number2 25
set Result [expr $Number1 + $Number2]
}
eval $Script

exec: execute external programs


clock
trace
info
after
28

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