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BTX

This document discusses chemicals derived from benzene, toluene, and xylene. Benzene can be alkylated with olefins like ethylene and propylene to produce chemicals like ethylbenzene, styrene, cumene, and linear alkyl benzene. Toluene and xylene undergo oxidation, chlorination, nitration, carbonylation and other reactions to produce chemicals like benzoic acid, terephthalic acid, aniline, and monochlorobenzene. These chemicals are important precursors used to produce polymers, dyes, and other industrial materials.

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210 views

BTX

This document discusses chemicals derived from benzene, toluene, and xylene. Benzene can be alkylated with olefins like ethylene and propylene to produce chemicals like ethylbenzene, styrene, cumene, and linear alkyl benzene. Toluene and xylene undergo oxidation, chlorination, nitration, carbonylation and other reactions to produce chemicals like benzoic acid, terephthalic acid, aniline, and monochlorobenzene. These chemicals are important precursors used to produce polymers, dyes, and other industrial materials.

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nabilah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICALS BASED ON

BENZENE, TOLUENE AND


XYLENE

INTRODUCTION
The primary sources of BTX are
refinery streams, especially from
catalytic reforming and cracking, and
pyrolisis gasoline from steam
cracking and from coal liquid
Benzene is the most important
aromatic hydrocarbon. It is the
precursor for many chemicals that
may be used as end products or
intermediates

Alkylation of Benzene

Benzene can be alkylated in the presence


of a Lewis or a Bronsted acid catalyst
Olefins such as ethylene, propylene and
C12-C14 alpha olefins are used to
produced benzene alkylates
Reaction:

1. Ethylbenzene
catalyst : AlCl3- HCl

Uses : to produced styrene

2. Styrene
Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene
to styrene over a metal oxide
catalyst (Fe, Cr, Si, Co and Zn)

3. Cumene
used to produced phenol and acetone

4. Linear Alkyl Benzene


Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) is an
alkylation product of benzene used to
produced biodegradable anionic detergent

Chlorination of Benzene
Monochlorobenzene

Monochlorobenzene is the starting


material for many compounds including
phenol and aniline. Others, such as
DDT, chloronitrobenzenes,
polychlorobenzenes, and biphenyl

Nitration of Benzene

Aniline
The compound is an important dye
precursor.
The main process for producing aniline is
the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene

Oxidation of Benzene
To produce maleic anhydride.
Catalyst : V2O5/MO3

Hydrogenation of Benzene
The hydrogenation of benzene
produces cyclohexane. Many catalyst
systems, such as Ni/alumina and
Ni/Pd, are used for the reaction.
reaction conditions are 160220C
and 2530 atmospheres.

TOLUENE
Toluene is dealkylated to benzene over a
hydrogenation-dehydrogenation catalyst
such as nickel.
The hydrodealkylation is essentially a
hydrocracking reaction favored at higher
temperatures and pressures.
The reaction occurs at approximately
700C and 40 atmospheres.

Oxidation of Toluene
Oxidizing toluene in the liquid phase over
a cobalt acetate catalyst produces benzoic
acid.
The reaction occurs at about 165C and 10
atmospheres.
The yield is over 90%, and used as
precursor for caprolactam, phenol, and
terephthalic
acid.

Chlorination of Toluene
The chlorination of toluene by substituting
the methyl hydrogens is a free radical
reaction.
A mixture of three chlorides (benzyl
chloride, benzal chloride and
benzotrichloride) results.

Nitration of Toluene
Dinitrotoluenes are produced by nitration
of toluene with a mixture of concentrated
nitric and sulfuric acid at approximately
80C.
The main products are 2,4- and 2,6dinitrotoluenes, which are important
precursors for toluene diisocyanates (TDI),
monomers used to produce polyurethanes.

Carbonylation of Toluene
The carbonylation reaction of toluene with
carbon monoxide in the presence of
HF/BF3 catalyst produces p-tolualdehyde.
A high yield results (96% based on toluene
and 98% based on CO).
p-Tolualdehyde could be further oxidized
to terephthalic acid, an important
monomer for polyesters.

Chemicals from Xylene


Xylenes (dimethylbenzenes) are an
aromatic mixture composed of three
isomers (o-, m-, and p-xylene).
They are normally obtained from catalytic
reforming and cracking units with other
C6, C7, and C8 aromatics.

P xylene is the most important for


producing terephthalic acid to
manufacture polyester

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