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LawsOf Logarithms

Logarithms are used to express exponential relationships. The three main laws of logarithms are: 1) The product rule, which states that log(xy) = logx + logy. 2) The quotient rule, which states that log(x/y) = logx - logy. 3) The power rule, which states that log(xm) = mlogx. These rules allow logarithmic expressions with different bases to be rewritten as single logarithms. Logarithms can also be changed from one base to another using the change of base formula.

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Sforazzura Suhaimi
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429 views

LawsOf Logarithms

Logarithms are used to express exponential relationships. The three main laws of logarithms are: 1) The product rule, which states that log(xy) = logx + logy. 2) The quotient rule, which states that log(x/y) = logx - logy. 3) The power rule, which states that log(xm) = mlogx. These rules allow logarithmic expressions with different bases to be rewritten as single logarithms. Logarithms can also be changed from one base to another using the change of base formula.

Uploaded by

Sforazzura Suhaimi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logarithms

Laws of logarithms
Product Rule
loga xy = loga x + loga y
loga x + loga y = loga xy
Examples:
log5 (35) = log5 3 + log5 5

log3 5 + log3 4 = log3 (5  4)


= log3 20
Quotient Rule
x
loga ( ) = loga x – loga y
y
x
loga x – loga y = loga ( )
y
log5 20 – log5 4 = log5 ( 20 )
4
= log5 5
=1
16
log3( ) = log3 16 – log3 5
5
Power Rule
loga xm = m loga x
m loga x = loga xm
logx 53 = 3 logx 5

4 log9 3 = log9 34
= log9 81
= log9 92
= 2 log9 9
=2 (log9 9 = 1)
Express the following as a single logarithms
loga 3 + loga 4 – loga5

loga 3 + loga 4 – loga5


= loga (3  4) – loga 5 (Rule 1)
= loga12 – loga 5
 12 
= loga  5  (Rule 2)

= loga 2.4
Express the following as a single logarithms
5 log4 x – 2 log4 y + 3 log4 z

= log4 x5 – log4 y2 + log4 z3 (Rule 3)


 
5
 log x 

4 

2  + log4 z3 (Rule 2)
y  

 x 5z 3 
= log4  2  (Rule 1)
 y 
Question:
Given that log2 3 = 1.58
and log2 5 = 2.32,
Find value of each of the following.
(a) log2 75
(b) log2 0.3
(c) log2 √5
SOLUTION
Given that log2 3 = 1.58 and log2 5 = 2.32

(a) log2 75 = log2 [325]


= log2 3 + log2 25 Rule 1
= log2 3 + log2 52
= log2 3 + 2 log2 5
= 1.58 + 2(2.32)
= 6.22
Solution
(b) log2 0.3 = log2 (3÷10)
= log2 3  log2 10 Rule 2
= log2 3  [log2 (52)]
= log2 3  [log2 5 + log2 2]
= 1.58  (2.32 + 1)
=  1.74
(c) log2 √5 = (1/2) log2 5
= (1/2)(2.32)
= 1.16
CHANGE OF BASE
Change of base-a to base c is as follows:
loga b =
logc b
logc a
For example, to change log4 8 to base-2
log2 8
log4 8 = log 4
2
log2 23 3
 
log2 22 2
EXAMPLE
Evaluate log5 12.
log1012
log5 12 = log 5 Use calculator
10

 1. 0792 Use at least 4 significant figures


0.6990
 1.544
CHANGE OF BASE
Change of base-a to base b is as follows:
logb b
loga b =
logb a
 1
logb a
For example, to change log32 2 to base-2
1
log32 2 = log 32
2

 1  1
log2 25 5
EXERCISE

Given that log2 5 = 2.32 find the value


for each of the following without using
calculator. ( without changing to base-10)
(a) log5 4
(b) log5 2
(c) log4 50
Given that log2 5 = 2.32

log 2 4
(a) log5 4  Change to base-2
log 2 5
log 2 2 2

log 2 5

 2 Rule 3
log2 5

 2
2.32
=0.8621
1
(b) log5 2 = log 5  1 =0.431
2 2.32

log2 50
(c) log4 50 
log2 4
log2( 2  25)

log2 22
log2 2  log2 52

2
1  2 log2 5

2
 1  log 2 5
2
 0.5  2.32
=2.82

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