TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW
URBAN
RURAL
TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW
DEFINITION
Transmission is the electrical transfer of a signal,
message or other form of data from one location to
another.
It provides connection between the cell site and base
station controller and switching center
TRANSMISSION
NETWORK
TRANSMISSION
NETWORK
BSC/RNC
BTS
MSC/MGW
TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW
Application of Point to Point MW Radios in
SMART Transmission Network
Backbone Link
- supports great amount of traffic;
also applies as the primary transport
solution between regions, key cities
and relay sites
Intermediate Link
- supports the traffic requirements of
other stations
Last Mile Link
- the only transport connection of a
BTS, Node-B or BWA station to an
Access Point in the Transmission
Network
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TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTA
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
H
H
DATA
Application
DATA
Presentation
Session
DATA UNIT
DATA UNIT
Transport
Network
PACKET
FRAME
FCS
BITS
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
Data Link
Physical
DATA
COMMUNICATION
DATA
APPLICATION
LAYER
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
MULTIPLEXING
the process of simultaneously transmitting two or more
individual signals over a single communications channel
MAJOR TYPES
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) analog systems
employ FDM, whereby message signals are combined into a
single analog signal in which the occupy frequency slots
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) digital systems employ TDM, in which multiple input signals are sampled for a short period of time at regular intervals called time slots. The result of this sampling technique is a single stream of high-speed digital information
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) consolidates multiple optical channels onto a common optical fiber where each channel utilizes a specific wavelength and the individual channels do not interact with each other
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
Technique used in digitizing voice
An analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion process in which analog voice
signals are sampled, quantized and coded into a digital signal.
Once digitized, the signal can be put onto a digital transmission line
and transmitted to the intended receiver. At the receiver end, the
digital signal is converted back to analog form (D/A conversion).
Quantizer
Sampler
1
0
0 1 01 0 0 1 01 1
5
4
3
2
1
Encoder
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
SAMPLING
The average human voice occupies the frequency spectrum
between 300 Hz and 3,400 Hz. To accommodate this range, the
standard telephone voice channel has a bandwidth of 4,000 Hz.
To digitize a voice signal, it must be sampled at twice the highest
frequency i.e. 8,000 times per second
Nyquist Sampling Theorem
Fundamental theory of digital processing which determines the
sampling rate
States that if a band-limited signal is sampled at regular intervals
of time and at a rate equal to or higher than twice the highest
significant signal frequency, then the sample contains all the
information of the original signal
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
QUANTIZING
The key to digitizing a pulse amplitude modulated signal (PAM) is
to assign a binary code to each pulse, corresponding to its
amplitude. The series of pulses can then be represented as a
stream of binary words, which are used to form a digital signal
These binary codes are referred to as quantizing intervals
Standard PCM uses an 8-bit word to code a quantized level; as a
result, there are 28, or 256 different quantizing levels
Since the sampling rate is 8,000 times per second, and 8 bits are
required to encode each sample, the bit rate required for a single
PCM channel is:
(8,000 samples/sec) x (8 bits/sample) = 64,000 bits/sec
This rate establishes the fundamental building block of the Bell
Standard digital hierarchy, and is referred to as the DS0 rate
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
DIGITAL HIERARCHY
EUROPEAN STANDARD
A hierarchy established for European telecommunications, as defined by
the Conference Europeene des Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT)
standards
Based on a group of 32 transmit PCM voice channels, and two channels
transmit signaling and synchronization information
PCM FRAME
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
CEPT-1 Data Rate:
(8 bits/sample) x (32 channels) x (8,000 frames/sec)
= 2,048,000 bits/sec
= 2.048 Mb/s
Data Rates:
CEPT 0 (E0): 64Kb/s (1 standard PCM ch.)
CEPT 1 (E1): 2.048 Mb/s (32 PCM ch.)
CEPT 2 (E2): 8.448 Mb/s (4xCEPT 1, or 128 PCM ch.)
CEPT 3 (E3): 34.368 Mb/s (4xCEPT 2, or 512 PCM ch.)
CEPT 4 (E4): 139.264 Mb/s (4xCEPT 3, or 2,048 PCM ch.)
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD
1.544 Mb/s is the first level of the North American Digital
Hierarchy, also called DS1 or T1 rate.
Frame:
(8 bits/sample) x (24 channels) + (framing bit) = 193
bits/frame
The sampling rate of each channel is 8,000 per second; thus, in order to accommodate the entire digroup, 8,000 frames must be submitted each second. The data rate for this operation is:
(193 bits/frame) x (8,000 frames/sec)
= 1,544,000 bits/sec
= 1.544 Mb/s
Data Rates:
DS0 (T0): 64Kb/s (1 standard PCM ch.)
DS1 (T1): 1.544 Mb/s (24 PCM ch.)
DS2 (T2): 6.312 Mb/s (4xDS1, or 96 PCM ch.)
DS3 (T3): 44.736 Mb/s (7xDS2, or 672 PCM ch.)
DS4 (T4): 274.176 Mb/s (6xDS3, or 4,032 PCM ch.)
DS5 (T5): 560.160 Mb/s (2xDS4, or 8,064 PCM ch.)
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PCM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)
A hierarchical set of high order multiplexing standardized for the
suitability of adapted multiplexed signals in the network.
Asynchronous multiplex technique
A specific frame is defined for each multiplex level
Bit-by-bit multiplexing
Timing alignment with bit-by-bit 1/2 positive justification
synchronization to the frame alignment (FAS) not required
Access to individually interleaved channels only possible after
demultiplexing
Bit rates up to 140 Mbits/s standardized
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)
Synchronization of transmission network
Pointer multiplex technique
Plesiochronous operation is possible if required. If so, timing
alignment is effected through byte-to-byte negative / zero /
positive justification
Modular structure: higher bit rates are achieved through byte-to
byte multiplexing of several STM-1 signals from the STM-1 base
signal. The multiplex operation is performed in such away that
the structure of the multiplex signal (STM-N) is basically identical
with that of STM-1. The bit rates of the multiplex signal are
integral multiples of the basic bit rate 155.52 Mbits/s
The phase relationship between frame and actual useful load is
recorded by means of pointers (data pointers). Thus, access to
the specific channel in the SDH multiplex signal is possible
following the evaluation of the pointer
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
ADVANTAGES OF SDH OVER PDH
Vendor Interoperability
Network Simplification
Bandwidth on Demand
Full Management Capability
Survivability
Future Proofing
Reduced Cost
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
Tractor Unit
Payload
STM-1 FRAME STRUCTURE
SECTION
OVERHEAD
(RSOH)
AU Pointer
STM-1 PAYLOAD
SECTION
OVERHEAD
(MSOH)
270 Columns (Bytes)
270 COLUMNS x 9 ROWS x 8 BITS PER BYTE x 8,000 FRAMES PER SECOND = 155.252 Mbps
9 rows
TRANSMISSION RATES
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
SDH Hierarchy
STM-1
155.52 Mbps
STM-4
622.08 Mbps
STM-16
2,488.32 Mbps
STM-64
9,953.28 Mbps
PDH Hierarchy
E1
2.048 Mbps
E2
8.448 Mbps
E3
34.368 Mbps
E4
139.264 Mbps
E5
564.992 mbps
63 x E1
252 x E1
1008 x E1
4032 x E1
1,890 Channels
7,560 Channels
30,240 Channels
120,960 Channels
4 x E1
16 x E1
64 x E1
256 x E1
30 Channels
120 Channels
480 Channels
1,920 Channels
7,680 Channels
TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
TOPOLOGIES
Linear Chain
Point-to-Point
TM
TM
TM
ADM
TM
AD
M
HUB
TM
Mesh
DX
C
Hub (Tree)
Ring
AD
M
ADM
DX
DX
DX
C
TM
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TRANSMISSION EQUIPMEN
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
COPPER CABLE
Means of transmission using
metallic wires
An assembly of one or more
conductors insulated from
each other and from the
outside by a protective sheath
Low capacity
Vulnerable to route damage,
noise and attenuations
Long service interruptions
Limited availability and
expansion
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
MICROWAVE RADIO
Primary Mode of Wireless
Transmission System intended to
transport a wide range of data (from
1xE1 to NxSTM-1) over great
distances and over different terrains
Utilizes air waves as transmission
medium
Compared to other Long Haul
Transmission Solutions such as
Fiber Optic Cable, the advantages of
Microwave Transmission are:
Low to medium capacity
Low initial investment
particularly on medium capacity
Short repair time and service
interruption
Short implementation time
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
FIBER OPTIC CABLE
Utilizes optical waveguides
and light sources to
propagate signals
A dielectric waveguide used
for the propagation of
electromagnetic energy at
optical frequencies
High capacity
High initial investment
Vulnerable to route damage
Long service interruption
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
MULTIPLEXERS
A system that allows the
transport services over fiber
optic lines
Utilized for high capacity links
and networks
Advantages
Can support medium to very large amount of
traffic
Highly reliable, resilient and intelligent system
Disadvantages
High initial investment cost not just due to the
cost of fiber but because of the equipment
itself
Dependent on availability of fiber optic cable
facilities
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
A terminal used in individual
corporate communications.
VSAT consists of one master
earth station (MAS) and
numerous two-way satellite
terminals.
Advantages
Easy deployment in remote areas
Low initial investment
Disadvantages
High bandwidth rental cost
Susceptible to echo
Limited bandwidth
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
OPTICAL MEASURING TOOLS
OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME
FC/PC
(FACE CONTACT / PHYSICAL CONTACT)
FUSION MACHINE
OTDR
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MICROWAVE RADIO
MICROWAVE RADIO
The Primary Mode of Wireless
Transmission System intended to transport
a wide range of data (from 1xE1 to NxSTM1) over great distances and over different
Terrain.
Microwave Radios utilizes the atmosphere
as its medium. Microwave Frequencies are
those above the 1Ghz range.
MW Radios are capable of supporting the
following
Interfaces and Services:
E1 - for GSM, 3G, HSPA, BWA,
WiMax, WiFi Applications
STM - for aggregated Services
FE/GE - for Ethernet traffic such as
NMS and IP Services
MICROWAVE RADIO
Compared to other Long Haul Transmission Solutions such
Fiber Optic Cable, the advantages of Microwave
Transmission are:
Cost Effective
Rapid Deployment
Flexible and Upgradeable
No Right of Way required
Ownership / Control of Network
However, compared to Short Distance solutions such as
Copper and Infrared Transmission solutions, the
disadvantages are:
More Costly
More complicated to implement
Longer Timeline to implement
MICROWAVE RADIO
Factors to Consider in Implementing a MW Radio System
Is there Line Of Sight (LOS) between the (2) stations?
Can a MW Radio solution cover or breach the Hop
Distance?
Are the computed Antenna Heights acceptable?
Will implementing a MW Radio at both stations interfere with
other existing MW Radios in the area or will their radios
interfere with the new MW Radio?
Are there still available carrier frequency pairs in the area?
Are the support facilities of both stations capable of
supporting a MW Radio implementation?
Will it be more costly to implement compared to other
solutions?
MICROWAVE RADIO
Wave Propagation propagation of an electromagnetic wave
in a homogeneous ideal die electric medium (in this case air)
Remember :
Propagation over the atmosphere incurs Free Space
Loss. The higher the carrier frequency, the greater
The FSL. The same relationship applies to hop distance
MICROWAVE RADIO
Main Components of Radio Wave
Direct Wave: Free Space Propagation
Reflected Wave: Caused by terrain with high reflection coefficient
Refracted Wave: Bending of the waves as it is propagated
through the atmosphere
Diffracted Wave: Bending, Spreading and Interference of waves
when they pass by an obstruction or gap
Except for the Direct
Wave, the rest
contribute to Fading
and Poor Signal
MICROWAVE RADIO
Diversity Reception
- refers to the method for minimize fading and improving reception
of a transmitted signal by receiving and processing multiple versions
of the same transmitted signal. The way these multiple Versions are
received, characterizes the diversity technique
Common Diversity Techniques
Space Diversity: achieved by transmitting to multiple receiving
antennas (usually two)
Frequency Diversity: achieved by receiving multiple versions of
the same signal, being transmitted at different frequencies
Polarization Diversity: achieved by receiving multiple versions of
the same signal via antennas with different polarizations.
PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING
Map Survey
In any radio link study it is very important that an initial
map study be done. Not only does it aid the planner in
choosing possible candidate sites during the initial
planning process but it also helps prepare for the field
survey that will follow soon after
Path Profiles
Terrain profiles are necessary to determine site locations
and antenna heights. Care must be taken to assure free
sight between the sites and avoid reflections
LINK
PLANNING:
PROFILING
/ MAP STUDY
Line of Sight (LOS)
TERRAIN
- a clear and unobstructed path between (2) MW Radio stations
Objectives:
To confirm whether or there is LOS between the (2) stations of the
proposed MW Radio Hop
To determine and compute for the optimal Antenna heights at both
stations
To confirm the elevation of both stations
To confirm the Hop Distance
To obtain a graphical representation of the Hop characteristics,
terrain roughness and hop inclination
Fressnel Zone
Visual Line of Sight
LINK
PLANNING:
TERRAIN
PROFILING / MAP STUDY
Required Data for Terrain Profiling / Map Study
coordinates of both stations (in deg,min secs). Source of data is
either from the Topographical Map or actual Site Survey (GPS
readings)
elevation (mASL) of both stations. Source of data is either
from the Topographical Map or actual Site Survey (Altemeter
readings)
near sight and along the path obstructions confirmed during
actual site survey.
Terrain data which can be obtained from Topographical Maps
or from the Terrain View Database
Terrain Profile/ Map Study Checklist
All of the above data
Topographical Map (1:250,000 or 1:50,000 scale) or Terrain
Database
Pathloss Software Tool or others
LINK
PLANNING:
PROFILING
/ MAP
Pathloss Terrain Profile
/ MapSTUDY
Study Sample
TERRAIN
90
80
70
E levation (m)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Path length (2.22 km)
Boracay Ex tender
Latitude
Longitude
Azimuth
Elevation
Antenna CL
11 58 55.70 N
121 54 29.20 E
138.01
60 m ASL
13.7 m AGL
Frequency (MHz) = 18000.0
K = 1.00, 1.33
%F1 = 60.00, 100.00
Smart Communications Inc.
PATH PROFILE
BORACAY EXTENDER - BORACAY RBS LINK
Boracay RBS
Latitude
Longitude
Azimuth
Elevation
Antenna CL
May 31 06
11 58 02.10 N
121 55 18.20 E
318.01
60 m ASL
19.8 m AGL
PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING
Field Survey
What is a survey?
A visit in the field in order to plan a microwave system
Involves verification of infrastructure in the area (trees,
obstructions, etc.)
Necessary to check existing stations or to find new locations in
the planning stage of a project
Typical Survey Activities
Preparations
In order to reduce field work, careful preparations should be
made. A detailed map survey is always a good start. After having
located all the sites (including alternative locations), preparation of
path profiles may start. Critical obstacles should be marked in
order to verify line-of-sight in the field. Preliminary antenna
heights may be determined at this stage.
Organizing a transport and accommodation is also important to do
as early as possible.
PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING
Typical Survey Equipment
The list below gives an idea about typical
survey equipment. Some of the items
may be substituted or omitted, and other
types of equipment may be adequate as
well.
Maps - 1:50 000
Camera
Binoculars
Compass
Altimeters
Satellite navigation equipment (GPS)
Signaling mirrors
Walkie talkies
Tape measure
PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING
Field Work
The following activities are typical
when new systems (sites) are being
planned. Depending on the accuracy
of the available maps, the following
investigations should be carried out
during the field survey:
Confirmation of line-of-sight (check
critical obstacles)
Verification of position and altitudes of
the sites
Soil investigation
Checking of site access, road
construction
Availability of power (existing shelters
and towers)
Investigate propagation conditions
Make interference measurements
PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING
Field Work
For surveying existing stations, here is
a checklist of typical survey activities to
be conducted:
Type of building: Concrete, wood,
prefabricated shelter
Material used in ceiling, walls, floor
Measurement of rooms, height of ceiling
Space for new equipment in the equipment
room
How to fix waveguide and cables to walls,
etc.
Waveguide outlets through walls, etc.
New air dryer for waveguides necessary?
Available power (AC - DC)
Existing battery capacity. New batteries
necessary?
Can existing towers be used?
Distance from building to tower
How to install the waveguide safely
outside
Space for new antenna at the right height
in the tower
Survey Report
Finally it is time to prepare
a detailed report from the
field survey. Remember
that a photo may tell more
than a thousand words.
The survey report may also
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Principal Block Diagram for a Radio System
Provides Directivity &
Gain to the RF Signal
Combines the 2 or more RF signals
into the same Feeder or Antenna Port
Modulator
&
Baseband
TX
RF Filter
Transmitter
Baseband Interfacing Point for
E1,STM-1 and Ethernet
Z
DeModulator
Feeder/
Waveguide
Branching
Network
Direct the RF signal from
the Branching Network
to the Antenna
Receiver
RX
RF Filter
Branching
Network
Feeder/
Waveguide
Free Space
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Antenna Relevant Specifications
1)
Side Struts
Either Standard and High Performance models
- HP Antennas are Shielded
2)
Either Single or Dual Polarized models
- Dual Polarized Antennas have (2) Antenna Ports
(H &V). Matched to SDH Radios because of high
RF Channel requirements
3)
Standard Antenna Diameters include :
0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.2 and 4.6m
- given the same carrier frequency, the Antenna
with a bigger diameter will also have the higher gain
4)
Frequency Range
- given the same diameter, the Antenna with the higher
frequency range will also have the higher gain
Shield
Radome
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
eeder / WaveGuide
elevant Specifications
Different dB loss per meter depending on the
Type of Waveguide
The longer the Waveguide, the greater the losses.
Bends and turns also contribute additional losses
Feeder
Antenna Port
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Branching Circuit
Relevant Specifications
1) Refers to the internal distribution system of
the RF signal
2) Components include Coupler, Combiners,
Splitters and Circulators
Branching
Circuit
3) Branching Circuits contribute losses to the
RF signal.
4) The higher the carrier frequency, the higher the
Branching Circuit loss.
Combiner
To Antenna
Port
To ODUs
Coupler/
Splitter
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Transmitter / Receiver / Filter
Relevant Specifications
1) The Lower the Frequency Range, the greater the
Transmitter Power
Transmitter/
Receiver
2) The Higher the Frequency Range, the Higher the
Receiver Threshold Level
3) The greater the Payload Capacity, the Higher the
Receiver Threshold Level
Remember
Receiver Threshold or
Sensitivity is the minimum
signal level that should be
received to attain the
intended signal quality.
Signal Quality is
measured
in terms of BER=1x10-6
Or 1x10-3
Transmitter/
Receiver
(ODU)
Antenna
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Modulator / De-Modulator
Relevant Specifications
FRX-5G
TX
1) Connection between the Transmitter/ Receiver
and the Modulator/ Demodulator is on the
IF level
TX
TX
TX
RX
RX
BR NTWK
RX
RX
2) Available E1 and Ethernet interfaces on
PDH Radio Systems
3) STM-1 interfaces available on SDH Radio
Systems
IDU
IF Cable
Connection to ODU
IF Cable
Connection to ODU
S
E
M
U
NT T
MCC
I UU
RPSS
DSPL
V
U
W MB
PSPS
BB SD DB
E
W
SM
CS
B B W MB B
PSPSHCD B B SD DB B
I E
E
W
N
M SM
STM-1
Interface Modules
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
es of Point to Point MW Radios according to Physical Design
All Indoor
Split Type
Feeder/
Waveguide
Feeder/
Waveguide
Transmitter/
Receiver
OUTDOORS
OUTDOORS
INDOORS
DEHYDRATOR
INDOORS
IF Cable
Modulator/
DeModulator
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Comparison Between All Indoor and Split Type Radios
All Indoor
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
Advantages
Greater Transmit Power
Greater Capacity (up to 14+1 capacity per rack)
Easier Access for Maintenance Personnel
Disadvantages
Greater Feeder Loss
Greater Branching Losses
Higher Receiver Thresholds
Not Easy to Install
Larger Footprint
Dehydrator Required
Higher Equipment Costs
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NERA InterLink
Fujitsu NFRX
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Comparison Between All Indoor and Split Type Radios
Split Type
Advantages
Minimal Feeder Loss
Minimal Branching Losses
Lower Receiver Thresholds
Easier to Install
IDU fits into 19 Rack
No Dehydrator Required
Less Equipment Costs
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
Disadvantages
Lesser Transmit Power
Limited Capacity
Tougher to Maintain
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
PDH MW Radios
CERAGON FiberAir
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Types of Point to Point MW Radios
according to Technology and Capacity
1) SDH Radio
Advantages
Greater Capacity per RF Channel (STM-1) and per System
(Up to 14+1)
Availability of 2Mbps Wayside Channel
Disadvantages
Higher Receiver Thresholds
Requires External SDH Multiplexer for tributary/traffic access
Requires Synchronization or Clock Inputs
Higher Equipment Costs
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NERA InterLink
Fujitsu NFRX
CERAGON FiberAir
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Types of Point to Point MW Radios
according to Technology and Capacity
2) PDH Radio
Advantages
Lower Receiver Thresholds
Does not Require an external Mux for tributary/
traffic access
Does not require external Synchronization
Lower Equipment Costs
Disadvantages
Limited to 16xE1 capacity per RF Channel
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NOKIA Flexihopper
Siemens SRA-L
Harris Microstar
NERA Celink
DMC Series
Ericsson MiniLink
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
A) Hot Standby
Station A
f1
f1
f1
COUPLER
PROT
ODU
f1
COUPLER
WRKNG
ODU
Station B
WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU
IDU
IDU
IDU
IDU
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
B) 1+1 Frequency Diversity or 2+0
Station A
Station B
ODU 2
f1
f2
f2
COUPLER
ODU 1
COUPLER
f1
ODU 1
ODU 2
IDU
IDU
IDU
IDU
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
C) N+1-applicable for SDH MW Radios
Protection CH
Qty. Of RF CH (STM-1)
Station A
Station B
f1
f1
f2
f2
f4
PROT
RF CH 1
f4
BRNCH
G CKT
RF CH 2
f3
RF CH 3
RF CH 3
RF CH 2
RF CH 1
PROT
BRNCH
G CKT
f3
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
D) Hot Standby + Space Diversity
Station A
Station B
f1
WRKNG
ODU
WRKNG
ODU
f1
PROT
ODU
IDU
IDU
PROT
ODU
f1
f1
IDU
IDU
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
E) 1+1 Frequency Diversity or 2+0 with Space Diversity
Station A
Station B
f1
WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU
f1
f2
f2
WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU
IDU
IDU
IDU
IDU
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
F) N+1 with Space Diversity
Station A
Station B
f1
f1
f2
f2
f4
PROT
RF CH 1
f4
BRNCH
G CKT
RF CH 2
f3
RF CH 3
RF CH 3
RF CH 2
RF CH 1
PROT
BRNCH
G CKT
f3
Remember
The Carrier Frequencies of all RF Channels are received by
both the Main and Diversity Antenna
SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchronization is a must for SDH Networking
Digital cross-connects
Ring operation or Linear with Synchronous tributaries
Clocks ource
S tandards
ClockAccuracy
8bits lip
betw een
2N etw orks for
64Kbit/s
UTC
Forreferenceonly
1013
20years
PRC
GPS
1012
2years
PRC
G.811
1011
72days
SRC
G.812
109
0.72days
SEC
G.783
4X106
14seconds
SYNCHRONIZATION
EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCES
GLOBAL
POSITIONING
SYSTEM
(U.S. DOD)
Secondary Reference Clock
(OSA 5548B SASE)
ATOMIC
CLOCKS
OUTPUT:
2 MHz
2 Mbps
CESIUM Primary Reference Clock
(Austron PRS-50)
OTHERS:
QUARTZ (CRYSTAL)
RUBIDIUM (ATOMIC CLOCK)
SYNCHRONIZATION
ITU G.803 In any chain:
PRC
SSU
SEC
SEC
20
SEC
SEC
SEC
SSU
SEC
SEC
SSU
1
20
20
20
SEC
SEC
SSU
SEC
SEC
20
SEC
SEC
SSU
SEC
SEC
SEC
20
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
20
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
SEC
SSU
SEC
20
SEC
SSU
SSU
20
SSU
SSU
At least 1 x PRC (type G.811)
SEC: Max 60 (type G.813)
SSU: Max 10 (type G.812)
Max 20 SECs between SSUs
20
In practice, most operators find
G.803 cascades too many SECs
It requires intensive planning
Rearrangements seriously
impact the network
Does not tolerate double failures
SEC (G.813) stability is not
enough for a most applications
FREQUENCY PLANNING
Keep in mind
Frequency Planning is with respect to the RF frequency of the
Microwave Radio
A Microwave Hop is allocated at least one (1) frequency pair
(i.e. TX and RX) for each RF channel
All traffic is sent and received is contained within the bandwidth
of each RF channel
Frequency Band a range of Microwave frequencies that the
MW Radio is transmitting & receiving its
RF signal
Common frequency bands of SMARTs MW Radios
4Ghz (SDH)
8Ghz (SDH/PDH)
5Ghz (SDH)
13Ghz (SDH/PDH)
U6Ghz (SDH)
15Ghz (SDH/PDH)
7Ghz (SDH/PDH)
18Ghz (PDH)
23Ghz (PDH)
FREQUENCY PLANNING
RF Channel Arrangement Plan detailed assignment of
precise carrier frequency (f and f) assignment
Channel spacing or separation
Duplex Spacing
Channel bandwidth
Carrier
Frequency
RF
Channel
Typical RF Channel Arrangement Plan
(Upper 6Ghz band)
Channel
Bandwidth
(40Mhz)
6500 Mhz
f3
f4
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
f1
f2
6840 Mhz
f2
6800 Mhz
f1
6460 Mhz
Duplex Spacing (340Mhz)
f3
f4
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
V
H
Duplex Spacing the difference
(in Mhz) between the Transmit
and Receive Frequency Pair
(f and f)
Channel Spacing (40Mhz)
Channel Spacing the minimum
Separation (in Mhz) between
(2) Carrier frequency assignments
of the same band
FREQUENCY PLANNING
Remember
All Radio Operators in the Philippines should implement
and operate MW Radios that comply with ITU Specified
and NTC endorsed Frequency Bands and RF Channel
Arrangements!
Station A
(Low Band)
TX/
RX
f
f
Carrier
Frequency
Pair
Station B
(High Band)
TX/
RX
Keep in Mind
(f) frequencies are assigned the lower frequencies compared to the (f)
frequencies. Thus (f) range is low band and (f) is high band
f and f frequency assignments can be used for Transmit or Receive
If for example Station A is using (f) as a transmit frequency, (f) will be the
the receive frequency of station B.Same for applies for (f)
Stations that use (f) for Transmit are Low Band and High Band stations
use the (f) for transmit.
(f) and (f) frequencies should have the same polarization
FREQUENCY PLANNING
Pre-determining the appropriate carrier frequencies of a new MW Hop
1) Determine appropriate frequency band based on
Hop Distance to be covered
Parameters of Antenna and Radio
Obtained Path Calculation Results
(i.e. Fade Margin & Annual Availability)
commercially available MW Radio frequency bands
Remember
The higher the Carrier Frequency, the shorter the hop
distance it can cover
2) Determine the quantity of frequency pairs required based on the
the following configurations
Hot Standby (1) frequency pair required
1+1 Frequency Diversity of 2+0 at least (2) frequency pairs
N+1- depend on the value of N plus (1) additional pair
FREQUENCY PLANNING
3) Determine the appropriate frequency arrangement scheme
(usually more associated with SDH and FD PDH systems)
Common Frequency Arrangement Schemes
Alternate Channel Alternate Polarization (ACAP)
(applicable if all or most of carrier frequency assignments in the
band are not utilized. Most widely utilized)
f1
f2
f3
f4
f4
f5
f6
f7 f8
f1 f2 f3 f4 f4 f5 f6 f7 f7
V
H
Co-Channel Co-Polarization (CCCP)
(applicable when there is frequency congestion problems or for
greater RF capacity)
f1
V
H
f2
f3
f4
f4
f5
f6
f7
f8
f1 f2 f3 f4 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8
FREQUENCY PLANNING
4) Determine which of the stations will transmit in the high and low band
H
f
L
Remember
As a general rule,
1) This scheme is implemented in order to prevent
Interference caused by the pouring over of the
MW signal between non consecutive stations.
2) All Transmitter frequencies in the same station
should be selected from the same half band
FREQUENCY PLANNING
5) Determine the precise frequency pairs (f and f) and confirm
their availability thru
existing operating frequencies at both stations
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Survey
existing records of NTC for each site
6) Determine the polarization based on
Path Conditions and Terrain characteristics of the Hop
existing polarizations at both stations
existing records of the NTC
7) Determine the bandwidth or spectrum requirements based on
the Payload the MW Radio is Transporting
Remember
Payload Capacity and corresponding BW requirements
16xE1s (PDH) = 28Mhz
STM-1 (SDH) = 28Mhz or 40Mhz
FREQUENCY PLANNING
7) Along with other requirements, the following data should be forwarded to
NTC
proposed Carrier Frequency Assignment/s
corresponding polarizations
Bandwidth/ Spectrum requirements
NTC shall evaluate the feasibility of the proposed assignments
sdf
FIBER OPTIC NETWOR
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
TRAFFIC
LIGHT
SOURCE/
DETECTOR
MULTIPLEXER/
DEMULTIPLEXER
FIBER OPTIC
CABLE
(OUTSIDE
PLANT)
CONNECTORS
& ODF
LED or
LASER
PHOTO
DIODE
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
(SITE B)
LIGHT
SOURCE/
CONNECTORS DETECTOR
& ODF
PHOTO
DIODE
LED or
LASER
AMPLIFIERS/
REPEATERS/
REGENERATORS
(AS REQUIRED)
MULTIPLEXER/
DEMULTIPLEXER
TRAFFIC
TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
(SITE A)
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGES OVER COPPER
Large Bandwidth
Longer distances without repeaters
Immunity to crosstalk
Immunity to static interference or electrical noise
Resistive to environment extremes
Safer and easier to install
Security
Lightweight
Low cost
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Light Source (LED, Laser Diode)
Light Detector (APD, PIN)
Optical Fiber Cable
Connectors
Optical Distribution Frames
Optical Test Equipment
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
CABLE CONSTRUCTION
COATING
CLADDING
CORE
Most fibers are made of oxide glasses such as silica, lead silicate
(crystal), sodium Calcium silicate (plate glass).
The core and cladding have different index of refraction to ensure total
internal reflection
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PATCHCORD AND CONNECTORS
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
ESCON
LC (LAMPERT CONNECTOR)
SMA
FC/PC (FACE CONTACT /
PHYSICAL CONTACT)
MTRJ
E2000
FDDI (FIBER DISTRIBUTED
DATA INTERFACE)
SC (SUBSCRIPTION
CHANNEL)
ST (STRAIGHT TIP)
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
POWER METERS
VARIABLE ATTENUATORS
OTDR
LIGHT SOURCE
FIBERSCOPE
DISPERSION TESTER
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
24 F F.O CABLE TRANSMISSION LINK
SPLICING
POINT (JOINT)
1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
24 F ERICSSON ODF
SITE A
PATCH CORD
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
(OTDR)
1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
24 F ERICSSON ODF
SITE B
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
TRANSMISSION LOSS TESTING
CONDUCTED AT 1310 & 1550 nm
TRANSMIT POWER RECEIVE LEVEL = FIBER LOSS
24 F F.O CABLE TRANSMISSION LINK
SPLICING POINT (JOINT)
1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
24 F ERICSSON ODF
24 F ERICSSON ODF
PATCH CORD
(FOR TESTING)
PATCH CORD
(FOR TESTING)
LIGHT SOURCE
(TRANSMIT SIDE)
SITE A
POWER METER
(RECEIVE SIDE)
SITE B
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
ODF
PATCH PANEL
PIGTAIL
OPTICAL
EQUIPMENT
Fiber Cable
Fiber
Cable
ORGANIZER
COUPLER
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
ODF
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (POINT TO POINT)
MSP 1+1
WORKING FIBER
DIVERSE
PROTECTION FIBER
B
SWITCHING
DURING FAILURE
MSP 1:1 or 1:N
WORKING FIBER
DIVERSE
PROTECTION FIBER
SWITCHING
DURING FAILURE
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY
A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)
PROTECTION CAPACITY
B
STM-64 / 16
ADVANTAGE: PROVIDES MORE CAPACITY
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY
A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)
PROTECTION CAPACITY
B
STM-64 / 16
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY
A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)
PROTECTION CAPACITY
B
STM-64 / 16
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
B. 4F MS-SPRing
STM-64 / 16
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
C. SNCP
STM- 64 /16 / 4 / 1
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
NETWORK
MANAGER
ELEMENT
MANAGER
ELEMENT
MANAGER
(CRAFT
TERMINAL)
GNE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
EXTERNAL
NETWORK
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
BASIC FUNCTIONS
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
FAULT MANAGEMENT
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT
TRANSPORT ARCHITECTURE
MSC/MG
W
INTERNET
CEN
DFON
MSAP
MW RADIO
SD
H
MSAP / CEN
SD
H
SDH
SD
BSC
RNC
SPDH
SPD
H
MSAP
MSAP/FIT
L (Access
MSAP/FITL
(Access Ring)
Ring)
SPDH
SPDH
SPDH
PDH
VSAT
FIBER
DROP/
FITL
VSAT
AGGREGATO
R SWITCH
LEASED
LINE
IP
RADIO
IP RADIO
ACCESS
GATEWAY
FOC
FITL
PDH
VIA SMART BRO,
GPRS, EDGE,
HSPA SERVICES
MW RADIO
THANK
THANK YOU!
YOU!
