Scribd
Upload
76 views

Introduction To Networking: Drew Saunders Networking Systems Stanford University

This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It discusses the goals of understanding common networking technologies and terminology. It defines a network as a way to transfer information between multiple entities, providing examples like mail systems, phone networks, and transportation networks. It also introduces common networking models including the OSI 7-layer model and simpler variations. Key concepts covered include protocols, physical network layers using technologies like Ethernet and wireless, and the data link layer focusing on Ethernet.

Uploaded by

shashankzutshi1706
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Introduction To Networking: Drew Saunders Networking Systems Stanford University

This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It discusses the goals of understanding common networking technologies and terminology. It defines a network as a way to transfer information between multiple entities, providing examples like mail systems, phone networks, and transportation networks. It also introduces common networking models including the OSI 7-layer model and simpler variations. Key concepts covered include protocols, physical network layers using technologies like Ethernet and wireless, and the data link layer focusing on Ethernet.

Uploaded by

shashankzutshi1706
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Introduction to

Networking
Drew Saunders
Networking Systems
Stanford University

Goals of class
Basic understanding of common
modern networking technology and
terminology

What is a Network?
A network is a way to get stuff
between 2 or more things
Examples: Mail, phone system,
conversations, railroad system,
highways and roads.

Computer Networking Models


Models, also called protocol stacks, represented in layers, help
to understand where things go right or wrong.
OSI 7-layer model
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data

Physical

DOD 3-layer model

Simplified 4/5-layer model

Application

Application

Protocol
Local Network
(LAN)

Transport
Network
Data
Physical

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) mnemonic: All People Seem To Need Data Processing. If
you ever take a test on networking, youll have to now this, otherwise, use the simplified
model.
4

Protocol Concepts
Protocols are sets of rules.
What do you want to do?
(Application)
Where are you going? (Addressing)
Do you speak the same language?
(Structure)
Did you get there?
(Acknowledgments, Error checking)
5

Physical Layer

(Layer 1)

Nowadays: Pretty much just Cat 5


(or Cat 5e or Cat6) twisted pair
copper wire and microwave
(wireless).
Other: Fiber (multi-mode or singlemode) coaxial copper (thick- and
thin-net), Cable Modem, plain
phone (DSL), etc.
6

Twisted Pair (Cat 5/5e, Cat


6)
Unshielded twisted pairs. Twists in wire keep down
interference (from fluorescent lights, for example). Cat5e has
more twists than Cat5, costs a bit more, works better for
Gigabit, can exceed the 100m limitation for 100Mbit ethernet.
Cat6 even more so.

Cat3 and 4 are older, fewer twists, similar to phone, only good
for 10Mbit. Phones work on Cat5/5e so current University
standard is Cat5e (or Cat6 for special situations) everywhere.
Good for up to 100m, we dont like to go over 80m when
wiring a building though.
Standard connecter: RJ45.
Star topology: each user gets their own path, easy to
troubleshoot, costs more than a shared topology.
Troubleshooting costs so much that bus and ring (shared)
topologies are functionally dead.
7

Physical: Wireless
Terms: 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g (coming soon: 802.16 a.k.a.
WiMax)
Uses microwave radio waves in the 2.4Ghz (802.11b and g)
and 5.4Ghz (802.11a and n) bands to transmit data. These are
unregulated frequencies, so other things (cordless phones,
etc.) can use the same frequencies, but hopefully one or the
other is smart enough to hop frequencies to stay clear of the
other. 802.11b and g devices can use the same access points
easily. 802.11a requires separate (or dual) antennae.
For the most part, completely and utterly insecure. Very easy
to capture someone elses data. Make sure your application is
secure (SSL, SSH, etc.)
802.11b at 11Mbps is the slowest (both 802.11a and g claim
54Mbps, 12-20Mbps in practice).

Data Layer

(Layer 2)

The data layer takes the 1s and 0s handed it by the Network


layer and turns them into some kind of signal that can go over
the physical layer (electrical current, light pulses, microwaves,
etc.) It also takes this signal and turns it back into 1s and 0s
to pass up the stack on the receiving end.
If there might be more than 2 devices on the connection,
some form of addressing scheme is required to get the packet
to the right destination.
Some data layers: Token Ring, FDDI, LocalTalk, and the
overwhelmingly most common data layer protocol: Ethernet.

Data Layer: Ethernet


CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense, Multiple Access, Collision Detect.
Simple!
Since Ethernet was designed to be on shared media, with 2 or
more users, and the more part can be very big (thats the
Multiple Access part) you have to listen to see if anyone else
is talking before you talk (Carrier Sense) and if you and
someone else start talking at the same time, notice it
(Collision Detect), say excuse me stop and try again later. A
polite free for all with rules.
Ethernet is 10Mbit (10 million bits per second) only. Fast
ethernet, which has nearly the same rules, is 100Mbit only.
Gigabit ethernet is 1000Mbit only. Some Network Interface
Cards (NICs) can speak at 10 or 100 (and sometimes 10 or
100 or 1000) but each end has to be using the same speed or
theres no connection. 10Mbit at one end and 100Mbit at the
other end wont work.

10

You might also like