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Multiple Access Schemes FDMA TDMA CDMA For Class

The document summarizes key aspects of GSM architecture including multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes cell types, generations of cellular networks from 0G to 4G, and interference challenges. It then provides details on key elements of GSM architecture like the mobile station, subscriber identity module, base station subsystem, network and switching subsystem, and location and handoff procedures.

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muhammad yaseen
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150 views

Multiple Access Schemes FDMA TDMA CDMA For Class

The document summarizes key aspects of GSM architecture including multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes cell types, generations of cellular networks from 0G to 4G, and interference challenges. It then provides details on key elements of GSM architecture like the mobile station, subscriber identity module, base station subsystem, network and switching subsystem, and location and handoff procedures.

Uploaded by

muhammad yaseen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GSM Architecture

FDMA
TDMA
CDMA

Cell Types

Macro Cell: Antenna above average roofto


p height
Micro Cell: Antenna below average roofto
p height
Pico Cell: Indoors

Interference
The conventional interference matrix
represent:
o The Traffic that will be interfered on if two
radios were assigned the same frequency;
o The area that will be interfered on if two
radios were assigned the same frequenc
y

Cellular Network Generations


It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephon
y in terms of generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony
3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including v
ideo telephony)
4G: IP-based anytime, anywhere voice, data, and m
ultimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G

The Multiple Access Problem


The base stations need to serve many mo
bile terminals at the same time (both dow
nlink and uplink)
All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to
the base station
Interference among different senders and
receivers
So we need multiple access scheme

Multiple Access Schemes

3 orthogonal Schemes:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency Division Multiple Acc


ess

frequency

Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the


duration of the call
Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency b
and and one uplink frequency band
Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running
out of it

Time Division Multiple Access

Guard time signal transmitted by


mobile terminals at different
locations do no arrive at the base
station at the same time

Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits durin
g each slot
Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn

Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network


Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

Code Division Multiple Access


Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmiss
ions
Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of
bits using the user specific code Spreading
Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the infor
mation transmission rate
But all users use the same frequency band together

Orthogonal among
users

2G(GSM)

GSM
Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile
Communications
Concurrent development in USA and Euro
pe in the 1980s
The European system was called GSM and
deployed in the early 1990s

GSM Services
Voice, 3.1 kHz
Short Message Service (SMS)

1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars.


(incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission


up to 114 kbps
Users can simultaneously make calls and send data
GPRS provides always on Internet access and the Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, aud
io, video messages to each other
Performance degrades as number of users increase
GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony 2G service similar to 3
G

GSM Channels
Downlink

Chann
els

Uplink

Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred t


o as a physical channel
Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted b
etween the MS and BS. Different types of logical channe
ls:
Traffic channel
Control Channel

GSM Frequencies
Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also
available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz r
anges.
Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency ba
nd, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES

1710 MHz

1785 MHz

DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

1805 MHz

1880 MHz

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

GSM Architecture

Mobile Station (MS)


MS is the users handset and has two parts
Mobile Equipment

Radio equipment
User interface
Processing capability and memory required for v
arious tasks
Call signalling
Encryption
SMS

Equipment IMEI number International Mobile Stati


on Equipment Identity

Subscriber Identity Module SIM

Subscriber Identity Module


A small smart card
Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
Subscriber IMSI number International mobile subscri
ber identity
Subscribers own information (telephone directory)
Third party applications (banking etc.)
Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., so
me WLAN access points accept SIM based user authenti
cation

Base Station Subsystem


Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbo
ne network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)


Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSs
Manages the handovers within BS area
Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/
VLR about this

Base Transceiver System (BTS)


Controls several transmitters
Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specifi
c frequency

Network and Switching Subsyst


em
The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with
additional cellular network capabilities
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports


mobile communications
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
A database, part of the MSC
Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations

Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)

Links the system to PSTN and other operators

Home Location Register (HLR)

Contain subscriber information, including authentication infor


mation in Authentication Center (AuC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes fo


r e.g., blacklisting stolen phones

Home Location Register


One database per operator
Contains all the permanent subscriber information

MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephon


e number of the subscriber
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15 digi
t code used to identify the subscriber
It incorporates a country code and operator code

IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subsc


ribers SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
Charging information
Services available to the customer

Also the subscribers present Location Area Code, whi


ch refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS.

Other Systems
Operations Support System

The management network for the whole GSM network


Usually vendor dependent
Very loosely specified in the GSM standards

Value added services


Voice mail
Call forwarding
Group calls

Short Message Service Center

Stores and forwards the SMS messages


Like an E-mail server
Required to operate the SMS services

Location Updates
The cells overlap and usually a mobile sta
tion can see several transceivers (BTSes)
The MS monitors the identifier for the BS
C controlling the cells
When the mobile station reaches a new B
SCs area, it requests an location update
The update is forwarded to the MSC, ente
red into the VLR, the old BSC is notified a
nd an acknowledgement is passed back

Handoff (Handover)
When a call is in process, the changes in loca
tion need special processing
Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the curr
ent radio link configuration (including feedba
cks from the MS), prepares an available chan
nel in the new BTS
The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS
This is called a hard handoff
In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two BTS
es simultaneously

Roaming
When a MS enters another operators networ
k, it can be allowed to use the services of thi
s operator
Operator to operator agreements and contracts
Higher billing

The MS is identified by the information in th


e SIM card and the identification request is f
orwarded to the home operator

The home HLR is updated to reflect the MSs curr


ent location

END

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