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Chapter 2

The document discusses different types of foundations for structures including shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons. It provides details on each type and considerations for selecting a foundation based on the structure, loads, and subsurface soil conditions.

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Zeleke Taimu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Chapter 2

The document discusses different types of foundations for structures including shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, cantilever footings, continuous footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons. It provides details on each type and considerations for selecting a foundation based on the structure, loads, and subsurface soil conditions.

Uploaded by

Zeleke Taimu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

2.

Foundation Types
and Their Selections

Definition: The lowest artificially


built part of a structure which
transmits the load of the
structure to the ground is called
foundation.
The foundation of a structure is
always constructed below ground
level to increase the lateral
stability of the structure.
2

firm
ground

weak soil

bed rock

bed rock
3

Purposes Of Foundations
Foundations are used for the following purposes:
i. To distribute the load of the structure
over a large bearing area so as to bring
intensity of loading within the safe
bearing capacity of the soil lying
underneath.
ii.To load the bearing surface at a uniform
rate so as to prevent unequal settlement.
iii.To prevent the lateral movement of the
supporting material.
iv.To secure a level and firm bed for
building operations.
v. To increase the stability of the structure
as a whole.
4

Types of Foundations
Foundations can be broadly classified into the
following two categories:
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
1. Shallow Foundations :- The foundations provided
immediately beneath the lowest part of the
structure, near to the ground level are known as
shallow foundations.
Shallow foundations are further classified into the
following types:
Spread or Isolated footings
Combined footing
Cantilever footing
Continuous or wall footing
Raft foundation

Spread or Isolated Footings: used to support


individual column.
These are the most common type of foundation,
primarily because of their cost and ease of
construction.
They are most often used:
in small to medium size structures,
on sites with moderate to good soil
conditions,
on some large structures when they are
located at sites underlain by exceptionally
good soil or shallow bedrock.
Isolated footings are stepped type, simple type or
slope type
6

O
ne

Fo
r

on
e.

Combined Footing: supports two or


sometimes three column in a row.
Combined footing is used when
property lines, equipment locations,
column spacing or other
considerations limit the footing
clearance at the column locations.

Combined footing can be:


rectangular in shape if both the
columns carry equal loads, or
trapezoidal if there is a space limitation
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and they carry unequal loads.

10

On
Mo e Fo
re r T
w

oo

11

Cantilever or Strap Footing:


consists of two individual footings
connected by a beam called a strap.
Cantilever footing may be used:
where the distance between the
columns is so great that a
trapezoidal combined footing
becomes quite narrow, with
resulting high bending moments .
The strap beam does not remain in
contact with soil so a strap doesnt
transfer any pressure to the soil.
12

13

a2

a1

b1

b2

Strap beam
D2

D1

b2

b1
Property line

Section
A-A
14

Continuous or wall footing or


strip footing:
In this type of footing, a single
continuous reinforced concrete slab
is provided as foundation of load
bearing wall.
A strip footing is also provided for a
row of columns which are so closely
spaced that their spread footings
overlap or nearly touch each other.
15

Columns

A
C
Wall

Plan

Plan

Wall
Footing

Column

Footing

D
b
Section A.A
Wall on footing

b
Section C-C
Columns on footing
16

17

Mat (Raft) Foundation: is a combined footing

that covers the entire area beneath a structure


and supports all the columns.
Foundation engineers often consider mats when
dealing with any one of the following conditions:
The structural loads are so high or the soil
conditions so poor that spread footings would
be exceptionally large.
As a general rule of thumb, if spread footings
would cover more than 50 percent of the
building footprint area, a mat or some type of
deep foundation will usually be more
economical.
The soil is very erratic and prone to excessive
differential settlement.
The structural loads are erratic, and thus
increase the likelihood of excessive
differential settlement.
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The lateral loads are not uniformly


distributed through the structure and
thus may cause differential horizontal
movement in spread footings.
The uplift loads are lager than spread
footings can accommodate.
The bottom of the structure is
located below ground water table, so
waterproofing is an important
concern. Because mats are
monolithic, they are easier to
waterproof.
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Flat plate mat foundation

Two-way beam and slab


(Ribbed mat)

20

21

2.Deep Foundations:

When the soil at or


near the ground surface is not capable of
supporting a structure, deep foundations are
required to transfer the loads to deeper strata.
Deep foundations are, therefore, used
when surface soil is unsuitable for
shallow foundation, and a firm stratum is
so deep that it cannot be reached
economically by shallow foundations.
The most common types of deep foundations are
piles, piers and caissons.
Pile: is a slender structural member made of steel,
concrete or wood.
A pile is either driven into the soil or formed
in-situ by excavating a hole and filling it with
concrete.

22

23

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Pier: A pier is a vertical column of relatively


large cross-section than a pile.
A pier is installed in a dry area
excavating a cylindrical hole of
large diameter to the desired
depth and then backfilling it with
concrete.
Caisson: A caisson is a type of foundation of
the shape of hollow prismatic box, which is
built above the ground and then sunk to the
required depth as a single unit.
It is a watertight box or chamber used for
laying foundation under water.
A pier and caisson differ basically only
in the method of construction
25

26

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION


DESIGN
The usual approach to a normal foundation-engineering
problem is:
To prepare a plan of the base of the structure showing
the various columns, load-bearing walls with estimated
loads, including dead load, live load, moments and
torques coming into the foundation units.
To study the tentative allowable bearing pressures
allocated for the various strata below the ground level,
as given by the soil investigation report.

27

To determine the required foundation depth. This may


be the minimum depth based on soil strength or
structural requirement considerations.
To compute the dimensions of the foundation based on
the given loading and allowable bearing pressure.
To estimate the total and differential settlements of the
structure.
If these are excessive the bearing pressure
will have to be reduced or the foundation
taken to a deeper and less compressible
stratum or the structure will have to be
founded on piles or other special measures
taken
28

Loads on Foundation
A foundation may be subjected to two or more
of the following loads.

a) Dead load:
Weight of structure
All material permanently attached to structure
Static earth pressure acting permanently against
the structure below ground surface.
Water pressure acting laterally against basement
walls and vertically against slab.

b) Live load: temporary loads expected to

superimpose on the structure during its useful


life.
29

c) Wind load:-

lateral load coming from the action of

wind.
-Local building codes provide magnitude of
design wind pressure.
d) Earth-quake load:- lateral load coming from
earth- quake motion.
-The total lateral force (base shear) at the base
of a structure is evaluated in accordance with
local building code.
e) Dynamic load:- load coming from a vibrating object
(machinery).
In such case, separate foundation should be
provided. The impact effect of such loads should be
considered in design.
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Pressure Distribution Beneath Foundations


This is the distribution of the pressure between the
base of the foundation and the ground.
The pattern of the distribution varies according to the
stiffness of the foundation.

a)

b)

Pressure distribution under a rigid footing


a) On cohessionless soil
b) On cohesive soil

31

a)

b)

Pressure distribution under a flexible footing


a) On clay soil
b) On granular soil
32

Approximate contact pressure


distribution

33

Eccentric Loads or Moments

34

Eccentric Loads or Moments

35

Two-way Eccentric Loads or


Moments

36

ea
b

eb

max

= P/ab (16eb/b 6ea/a)

min
For contact pressure to remain (+) ve
everywhere,

6eB 6eL

1.0
B
L

37

Settlement of Foundations
l2

l1

l3

Ground Level
Original foundation level

1
3

2
1, 2, 3 = Differential sett.,

max

= Greatest differential sett.

max = maximum total sett., l1,l2,l3= Bay width,

/l = angular distortion
38

NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT *

DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but
differential settlement can cause severe structural damage

39

40

From statistical analysis Skempton and MacDonald


concluded that as long as the angular distortion , /l of a
building is less than 1/300, there should be no
settlement damage.

1.

Recommendation of Skempton and MacDonald


i) Settlements on sand
a) isolated footings /l = max/600, max 2inches
b) rafts /l = max/750, max 2 1/2inches
ii) Settlements on clay
a) isolated footings /l = max/1000, max 3.3inches
b) rafts /l = max/1250, max 4 1/4inches
41

2. Recommendation of Bowles

Types of soil

Type of foundations
Isolated

Rafts

Sand

3.8cm

3.8-6.4cm

clay

6.4cm

6.4cm-10.2cm

42

3. Recommendation of EBCS7-1995

Types of
soils

Isolated

rafts

Sand

5.0cm

5.0cm

clay

7.5cm

7.5cm

43

Selection of Foundation Type

In selecting the foundation type the following points


must be considered
Function of the structure
Loads it must carry
Subsurface conditions
Cost of foundation in comparison with the
cost of the superstructure.
Having these points in mind one should apply the
following steps in order to arrive at a decision.
Obtain at least approximate information
concerning the nature of the superstructure and
the loads to be transmitted to the foundation
Determine the subsurface condition in a general
way.

44

Consider each of the usual types of foundations in order to


judge whether or not
They could be constructed under existing
conditions.
They are capable of carrying the required load.
They experience serious differential settlements.
The types that are found to be unsuitable should then be
eliminated.
Undertake a detailed study of the most promising types.
Such a study may require additional information on loads
and subsurface conditions.
Determine the approximate size of footing or the
approximate length and number of piles required
Prepare an estimate for the cost of each promising type of
foundation.
Select the type that represents the most acceptable
compromise between performance and cost.
45

U
O
Y
K
N
A
H
T

46

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