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Error Detection and Correction

This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers various types of errors like single-bit, multiple-bit, and burst errors. It then describes different error detection methods like parity checks, vertical/longitudinal redundancy checks (VRC/LRC), cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and checksums. These methods detect errors through adding redundant bits. Error correction methods include automatic repeat requests (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC). The document provides examples of calculating parity, CRC, and checksum values to detect errors. It also discusses bit error rate testing equipment and calculating bit error rate and error-free seconds from transmission error statistics.

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nandkishor joshi
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17 views

Error Detection and Correction

This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers various types of errors like single-bit, multiple-bit, and burst errors. It then describes different error detection methods like parity checks, vertical/longitudinal redundancy checks (VRC/LRC), cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and checksums. These methods detect errors through adding redundant bits. Error correction methods include automatic repeat requests (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC). The document provides examples of calculating parity, CRC, and checksum values to detect errors. It also discusses bit error rate testing equipment and calculating bit error rate and error-free seconds from transmission error statistics.

Uploaded by

nandkishor joshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

: 2

Error Detection
and Correction
Types of Errors
Detection methods
Correction methods

Why error correction necessary ?

Single-bit error

Multiple-bit error

Burst error

Redundancy

Error Detection methods


Asynchronous data methods.
Synchronous data methods.

Asynchronous data error methods


Parity error detection
Vertical redundancy check(VRC)/longitudinal
redundancy check(LRC)

Parity error detection


One additional bit transmitted with data bits.
Two types of parity error detection methods:
Odd parity
Even parity

Parity error detection


Example
ASCII for B = 42

Error correction method


ARQ (Automatics request for retransmission)

Vertical redundancy check(VRC)/


longitudinal redundancy check(LRC)
Single bit error detection
Forward error correction (FEC) method
Example
Disadvantage: one bit error detection and
correction only

Synchronous data error methods


Synchronous data are transmitted at higher
rates because there is no overhead(start and
stop bits).
CRC (cyclic redundancy check)
Checksum error detection method

CRC
Multiple error detection method
n = CRC bit length
CRC-4 , n = 4
CRC-16 , n = 16

CRC - 3
Binary Division

Example

Checksum error detection method


Multiple error detection method
Example

Synchronous data error correction


Hamming code:
Example

Error testing equipment


It is used for testing the effect of errors on data
communication link.
Two types of equipment,
Bit error rate tester(BERT)
Error free second(EFS) test box

Bit error rate(BER)


Bit error rate =

Error free second(EFS)


Error free seconds= 100% -

Example
Find BER and EFS for a system that experienced five errors
in 25 Mbytes of data transmitted in 20 seconds. Two error in
the seventh seconds. One in twelfth and last two in last sec.

Ans.
BER = 5/(25 M* 8)% 100
BER= 2.5*10^-6 %
EFS = 100% - (3/20)*100%= 85 %
5 error but only at 3 different time interval

GTU Questions
Compute the CRC-4 character for the following message using
a divisor constant of 10011:
message:1100 0110 1011 01
List methods for error detection and error correction. Explain
any one method in detail.
Write a note on cyclic redundancy check as a synchronous
error detection method.
Write a note on data correction using longitudinal redundancy
check and vertical redundancy check.
Explain the synchronous data error methods.

The end

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