Scribd
Upload
62 views

01 Overview in Geographic Information System

GIS is a system for managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic information and spatial relationships. It allows users to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. Key applications of GIS include planning, management, transportation, marketing, real estate, and more. It integrates many types of data to help users make better decisions.

Uploaded by

Aldwin Galapon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views

01 Overview in Geographic Information System

GIS is a system for managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic information and spatial relationships. It allows users to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. Key applications of GIS include planning, management, transportation, marketing, real estate, and more. It integrates many types of data to help users make better decisions.

Uploaded by

Aldwin Galapon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Overview in Geographic Information

System
What is GIS?
Geography – information about
the earth's surface and the
objects found on it, as well as a
framework for organizing
knowledge.

GIS – a technology that


manages, analyzes, and
disseminates geographic
knowledge.
Geographic Information Systems
- used to view and analyze
data from a geographic
perspective
- links location to information
(such as people to addresses,
buildings to parcels, or streets
within a network) and layers that
information to give you a better
understanding of how it all
interrelates.
GIS Intuitive Description
- A map with a database behind it.
- A virtual representation of the real
world infrastructure.

Which is

- queried to support on-going


operations
- analyzed and summarized to
support strategic decision making
and policy formulation
GIS in a Gist
GIS is computer software that
links geographic information
(where things are) with descriptive
information (what things are).

Geographic Information System


Geographic
Software
Database

GIS = MAP + DATABASE


Major Components
1. People
- Administrators
- Managers
- GIS Technicians
- Application Experts
- End Users
Major Compo … continuation
2. Hardware
- Scanner
- Digitiser
- CPU
- Printer
- Plotter
Major Compo … continuation
3. Software
- GIS Software
- Database Software
- OS Software
- Network Software
Major Compo … continuation
4. Data
Types of Data
- Vector Data/Raster Data
- Image Data
- Attribute Data
Where Does GIS Data Come From?
- In House
- Commercial
- Government
Major Compo … continuation
5. Application
- Property Management
- Transportation/Logistics
- Facilities Management
- Site Selection
- Marketing
- Trade Area Analysis
- Customer Analysis
- Planning
- Risk Analysis
- Sales Management
What is GIS used for?
GIS provides a useful set of tools
for planning, decision-making,
operations management and
inventory.
What is GIS used … continuation
Some examples of GIS applications
- Urban and regional planning
- Environmental risk analysis
- Forest management
- Hazard analysis
- Emergency response
- Marketing
- Transportation planning
- Wildlife management
- Agriculture
- Health care management
What can you do with GIS?
Map where things are
- lets you find places that have
the features you're looking for,
and to see where to take action.

- Find a feature
- Find a pattern
What can you do … continuation
Map quantities
- like where the most and least
are, to find places that meet their
criteria and take action, or to see
the relationships between places.

e.g. voting population, household


population, and other statistical
data linked to map.
What can you do … continuation
Map densities
A density map lets you measure
the number of features using a
uniform areal unit, such as acres
or square miles, so you can clearly
see the distribution.
e.g. population density
What can you do … continuation
Find what’s inside
Use GIS to monitor what's
happening and to take specific
action by mapping what's inside
a specific area.
e.g. DOH can take advantage of GIS and
use it to map regions classified as malaria
infested areas, relate it to incidents of
malaria and the predominant social
distribution to determine courses of action.
What can you do … continuation
Find what is nearby
Find out what's occurring within a
set distance of a feature by
mapping what's nearby.
What can you do … continuation
Map change

Map the change in an area to


anticipate future conditions,
decide on a course of action, or
to evaluate the results of an
action or policy.
Answering Questions with GIS
GIS is fundamentally used to
answer questions and make
decisions.

1. Frame the question.


2. Select your data.
3. Choose an analysis method.
4. Process the data.
5. Look at the results.
Data types and models
Data types

1. Map data
Objects represented on maps are called
map features, or simply features. Each
feature has a location, a shape, and a
symbol that represents one or more of its
characteristics. There are 3 classes of
features - point, line and polygon.
Data types and … continuation
Data types

2. Attributes data
A GIS stores information about map
features in a database and links the
information to map features. This
information is referred to as attribute
information, or simply attributes.
Data types and … continuation
Data types

3. Image data
Images can be displayed as maps along
with other spatial data containing map
features.
Data types and … continuation
Data models

1. Vector data model


The vector data model represents each
feature as a row in a table, and feature
shapes are defined by x,y locations in
space (the GIS connects the dots to
draw lines and outlines). Features can be
discrete locations or events, lines, or
polygons.
Data types and … continuation
Data models

2. Raster data model


The raster data model represents
features as a matrix of cells in continuous
space. Each layer represents one
attribute (although other attributes can
be attached to a cell). Most analysis
occurs by combining the layers to create
new layers with new cell values.
Vector and Raster GIS

Vector Representation
Vector and Raster … continuation
Vector and Raster … continuation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 R T
1 R T
2 H R
3 R
4 R R
5 R
6 R T T H
7 R T T
8 R
9 R

Raster Representation
Vector and Raster … continuation
Vector and Raster … continuation
Ra st e r Ve c t o r
D a t a c o lle c t io n ra p id slo w
D a t a v o lu m e la rg e sm a ll
G ra p h ic t re a t m e n t a v e ra g e good
D a t a st ru c t u re sim p le c o m p le x
G e o m e t ric a l a c c u ra c y lo w h ig h
An a lysis in n e t w o rk poor good
Are a a n a lysis good a v e ra g e
G e n e ra liza t io n sim p le c o m p le x
Common GIS trail
GIS Structure
Putting maps into computer
GIS outputs
Examples of GIS Software
• ESRI (Environmental System Research
Institute)
– ArcWeb Services: GIS content and capabilities
without hosting the data or developing
necessary tools yourself
– ArcPad: GIS and field mapping applications
made specifically for mobile devices
– ArcGIS: collection of GIS software products;
suitable for companies or small businesses
• Caliper
– TransCAD: transportation planning software
that includes forcasting capabilities and a set
of modeling methods for public transit
Examples of GIS Software
• Internet GIS
– ArcIMS, MapXTreme, GeoMedia Web
• Consumer GIS
– MapNGo, DeLorme
• Desktop GIS
– ArcView, MapInfo, GeoMedia
• Professional GIS
– ArcGIS, MGE, Smallworld GIS
• Spatial Data Warehouse
– SDE, MapInfo, Smallworld
Advantages of GIS
– Exploring both geographical and thematic
components of data in a holistic way
– Stresses geographical aspects of a
research question
– Allows handling and exploration of large
volumes of data
– Allows integration of data from widely
disparate sources
– Allows analysis of data to explicitly
incorporate location
– Allows a wide variety of forms of
visualisation
Limitations of GIS
– Data are expensive
– Learning curve on GIS software
can be long
– Shows spatial relationships but
does not provide absolute solutions
– Origins in the Earth sciences and
computer science. Solutions may
not be appropriate for humanities
research

You might also like