TICKET 2 ENGLISH

Unit 4
Sustainable development

Outline:
Vocabulary (sustainable development)
Grammar (future perfect)
Functions (cause and effect)
Writing (apply for a grant)
Reading (students textbook ) pages 56-57
Listening (students TB ) page 54

Poverty

Equality
Human
rights

Environment

Democracy

Sustainable
development

Natural
resources

Infrastructure
Economic
growth

Circle the word that does not collocate with the following
verbs:
Waste: time information resources money money
Save: water time forests planet wildlife experience
Share: support idea knowledge information a flat
Face: problems difficulties trouble a dilemma an enemy

Match the words in A with the words in B, then fill in the

blanks with the appropriate collocations:
A

Contextualized

1.Urban
2.Water
3.Armed
4.Micro
5.Natural
6.Economic
7.Financial
8.Birth
9.Global

a.Resources
b.Shortage
c.Areas
d.Warming
e.Rate
f.Support
g.Credits
h.Growth
i.Conflicts

1. A large number of Moroccan women

have benefited from interest-free ..
to help them start their own business.
2. It hasnt rained here for a long time, so
the country is likely to suffer from
.. In the years to come.
3. If the consumption of .. is not
reduced, there will be none left for the
next generation.
4. Some African countries are being
ravaged by .. . People kill each
other for almost nothing.

Match the following collocations with their definitions:

Collocations

1.Social justice

Definitions

a.Wildlife that is running the risk of extinction

b.Nations whose population has a low
2.Sustainable
standard of living.
c.Loans given to poor people to assist them to
development
shift for themselves.
3.Green areas
d.Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the needs of
4.Micro credits
the future generations.
5.Developing countries e.Spaces and sites planted with trees, grass,
flowers, etc.
6.Endangered species f.Condition in which all members of s society
enjoy the same rights, security, privileges,
benefits, etc.

Fill-in the gaps with the suitable words:

organisms deforestation generations ecology
resources environment
1. Man's greed is threatening the .
2. The extensive abuse of natural threatens the very

existence of future .
3. One of the challenges that the world is facing is the issue of

which is the result of cutting down trees without even

thinking of replacing them.
4. The term refers to the study of the relationship between

and their natural environment.

Complete the following collocations from the box:

Effect pollution revolution disposal
Air, sea, water ....
Greenhouse
Waste ..
Industrial .

Choose the appropriate idiomatic expressions:

odds and ends pros and cons ups and
downs a piece of cake

1.The teacher asked us to talk about the .. of industrial

development .
2.The police found nothing special in the house of the criminal as

he had taken all the important documents with him, leaving just
.. .
3.Dont worry about the problems you have in your business. You

know there are always .. in business.

4.If you think that doing this Maths problem is .. just try it.

10

Choose the appropriate word to complete the meaning of the

idiom:
music shoulder use rags ocean pie
1.All these promises these politicians make are just in the sky.
2.The small amount of money donated is just a drop in

the .. compared to the large sum of money needed.

3.I had to face the .. all by myself although I was not the only one

responsible for the problem.

4.They had a dispute yesterday. That's why she gave him the cold .........
5.He has been successful in his life. He went from to riches.
6.He spends his time drinking and watching TV. He's no to man or

beast.

THE FUTURE PERFECT

12

These people are waiting in the queue to get in the

movie hall.

13

The movie starts at 10 oclock and finishes at 12:30

pm.

14

By 1 pm tonight, the film

will have finished
and
everybody will have gone.

15

The Future Perfect Tense

. will have finished.
. will have gone.
Use:

An action or event that will be completed at a time in the

future.
Hints:

By this time tomorrow,

By 8 o'clock,
By tomorrow morning,
By next year,
By the end of this year / month / week / day etc.

16

Form: affirmative
[ all subject + will have + past participle ]
Examples:
By 2020, Russia will have organized the World Cup.
By 2020, the FIFA World Cup will have finished.
By the end of this session, all my students will have understood the
future perfect tense.

17

Form: negative
[ will not have + past participle ]
[ wont have + past participle ]
Examples:

By the age of 15, all the students will not have passed their Bac exam.
Im certain that He wont have finished his work by the time I arrive.
By 2020, Morocco wont have eradicated illiteracy completely.

18

Form: interrogative?
[ will + subject + have + past

participle? ]
Examples:
Will I have got a job by the age of 30?
Will, my friend Ahmed, have become a doctor by 2030?
Will my students have understood the future perfect by the end of
this course?

19

Study the time line and answer the question.

A. What will your life be like in 2035?

B. Well, I will have got married by 2035. I will have
had children, too.

20

Make the future perfect

1) I (leave) by six..
2) (you/finish) the report by the deadline?.
3) When (we/do) everything?.
4) She (finish) her exams by then, so we can go
out for dinner..
5) You (read) the book before the next class..
6) She (not/finish) work by seven..
7) When (you/complete) the work?.
8) They (arrive) by dinner time..
9) We (be) in London for three years next week..
10) (she/get) home by lunch time?.

21

The future perfect or the future simple.

Will have done or
will do
1. I................(meet) the entire committee by the time I leave England.
2. She ..............(be) prime minister for ten years by next year.
3. You look tired. Sit down and I..............(make) you a cup of tea.
4. 1 million people..........(become)unemployed by this time next year.
5. What..........(you, do) when you've spent all your money?
6. By the time the police get here, the burglars....................(vanish).
7. When you grow older, you...............(change)your mind about this.
8. B this time next year they ....................(build) a new school in our
district .
9. I'm sorry I made you so angry. I.............(not do) that again.

10. Scientists.................(finish) the experiment by the end of the week.

CAUSE & EFFECT

23

Cause and effect

Cause is what makes something happens
Effect is what happens

Look at the pictures:

What is the cause?

What is the effect?

24

Remember:

The CAUSE happens FIRST

The EFFECT happens SECOND

25

Study the examples:

I bought Dan a present BECAUSE it was
his birthday.
Dans birthday
What is the cause? ________________
What is the effect? ________________
The present
What is the word indicating cause and effect? ______
Because

26

Study the examples:

The ice cream was melting AS A RESULT OF the hot

weather.
What is the cause? ________________
The hot weather
What is the effect? The
________________
ice cream melted
What is the joining clue word? ___________
As a result of

27

Expressions:
Cause

Effect

Effect

cause / causes
result / results in
lead to / leads to
one cause of (y) is (x)
Cause

is due to
results from
is / are the results of
one effect of (x) is (y)

28

Circle the word indicating cause or effect:

1. I told Ellen to come home because it was time

for dinner.
2. The school was closed yesterday because of

the snowy weather.

3. Sara could not go to the party due to the fact

that she was sick.

4. I saved ten dollars as the result of putting one

dollar in my bank every week.

29
Choose the suitable linking word in each sentence

1.We arrived very late (because / because of ) the rush hour jam.
2.She had eaten too much (as a result / because) she had a stomach-

ache.
3.He didn't revise his lessons (therefore / due to) , he fails all his tests.
4.She used to eat junk food (since / as a result ) she becomes obese.
5.She kept silent (as / because of ) she had nothing to say.
6.We couldn't see anything (because of / thanks to ) the fog.
7.She got to the top (as / because of ) hard work and perseverance.
8.(Since / one effect of ) he was not wearing his glasses, he couldn't

read.
9.She had health problems (since / because of) poor sanitation in the

village.

Write the cause and effect for each sentence:

30

1. Tim forgot his math book, so he was unable to complete his homework.
Cause: _______________________________________________________
Effect: _________________________________________________________
2. Keegan was hungry because he skipped lunch.
Cause: _______________________________________________________
Effect: ________________________________________________________
3. Erin's car had a flat tire, so she called a tow truck.
Cause: _______________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________
4. Gina couldn't find the cookies because Papa hid them in the cupboard.
Cause: ______________________________________________________
Effect: ________________________________________________________
5. Kelly studied her spelling words as a result she got an A on the test.
Cause: ________________________________________________________
Effect: _____________________________________________________

LETTER WRITING

A FORMAL LETTER

33

Layout
YOUR ADDRESS
+
Street name
City

DATE
5 September 2011
5 Sept. 2011
September 5, 2011
5.09.2011

34

Layout
Receivers Name
Receivers Position
Companys Name
Companys
Address

35

Layout
BEGINNING
Dear
Dear
Dear
Dear
Dear
Dear
Dear
Dear

Mr Cloud
Mr J. Cloud
Mrs Cloud
Miss Cloud
Ms Cloud
Ms Mary Cloud
Manager
Sir or Madam

36

Layout
CONTENTS
Introduction 1 parag
Main body 2+ parag
conclusion 1 parag

37

Layout
ENDING
Yours sincerely
(if you know the name)
signature
NAME (printed)
Yours faithfully
(dont know the name)
signature
NAME (printed)

38

A formal letter layout

39

Introduction
Why are you writing?
Where did you get the

information?

BE AS ACCURATE AS

POSSIBLE!

40

The main body

Give details in one or several

paragraphs.

NO IRRELEVANT INFORMATION!

41

Conclusion
Depends on the type of letter.

CLOSING STATEMENT
I look forward to hearing from you.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
I look forward to hear from You.
I look forward to your reply.
I am looking forward to Your reply.

42

Style
Formal language and grammar!
No short forms!
No slang or colloquial words!
Be factual rather than emotional!

43

Letter of application
Introduction
Explain which job you are applying for and how / where you heard about it
Body
1st paragraph: Briefly describe your most relevant qualifications and / or

experience
2nd paragraph: Explain why you want the job and why you think you
would be good at it

Conclusion
Say how you can be contacted and / or when you are available for
interview

PRACTICE

45

Order the information to write an application letter

Mark Wallace
Senders address: 22 Rocks Lane Bristol BS8 9DF
Yours sincerely
Date: 20 April 2015
I am available for interview next week and look forward to hearing from you.
Dear Ms Smith
Receivers name: Ms Linda Smith
Receivers position: Human Resources
I am writing to apply for the post of assistant designer advertised in the
evening post of 18 April. Please find enclosed a copy of my CV.
Companys name: Multimedia Design
Since graduation from Cardiff university I have been working for EMS
corporate on a contract basis. I have become particularly interested in
interactive and multimedia work and now wish to develop my career in that
direction.
Companys address: 4 Albion Road London SE1 8DD
I would welcome that chance to work as part of a small dynamic team where I
could make a significant contribution while developing my skills yet further. I
would be happy to show you a portfolio of my work.
Enc. CV

46

Ms Linda Smith
Human Resources
Multimedia Design
4 Albion Road
London SE1 8DD

22 Rocks Lane
Bristol BS8 9DF
20 April 2015

Dear Ms Smith
I am writing to apply for the post of assistant designer advertised in the
evening post of 18 April. Please find enclosed a copy of my CV.
Since graduation from Cardiff university I have been working for EMS
corporate on a contract basis. I have become particularly interested in
interactive and multimedia work and now wish to develop my career in that
direction.
I would welcome that chance to work as part of a small dynamic team where
I could make a significant contribution while developing my skills yet
further. I would be happy to show you a portfolio of my work.
I am available for interview next week and look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely

Mark Wallace
Enc. CV

Read this extract from an article about teenagers.

47

Many teenagers today do not listen to adults advice, do

not think about the consequences of their actions and
do not have a sense of responsibility.
Write a letter to the editor saying you agree or disagree with
his opinion. Give reasons and examples to support your
point of view.
Dear Editor,

Possible answer:

48

I have read an extract from your article which says that teenagers
these days are hard to handle because of the fact that they do not listen to
adults, do not think about the consequences of their actions and do not have a
sense of responsibility. And I totally agree because of many reasons.
First of all, technology has made teenagers assessed. All they do is
chatting, watching movies and much more. So, when their parents try to talk to
them they say that they are busy and walk away. In addition, some parents
work a lot, both of them, and they do not look after their children very well.
Thus, when it is time to teach them to listen and to become responsible
they do not. And even When they, finally, make them listen, it is too late. They
sometimes find out that their children are addicted to drugs. Nevertheless,
there is always hope.
To conclude, parents should take care of their children as they are still
young. They have to teach them to obey the parents and adults and punish
them when they do not.. Thats how you raise a good child, in my opinion.
Yours sincerely
Written by a student. From the 2014 exam

49