ECE 448

Lecture 8
VGA Display
Part 2

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

George Mason University

Required Reading
P. Chu, FPGA Prototyping by VHDL Examples
Chapter 12, VGA Controller I: Graphic
Chapter 13, VGA Controller II: Text
Source Codes of Examples
http://academic.csuohio.edu/chu_p/rtl/fpga_vhdl.html
Nexys3 Reference Manual
VGA Port, pages 15-17
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Animation

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Animation Basics
Animation is achieved by an object changing
its location gradually in each frame
We use signals, instead of constants,
to determine boundaries of an object
VGA monitor is refreshed 60 times per second
The boundary signals need to be updated
at this rate
We create a 60 Hz enable tick, refr_tick, which
is asserted for 1 clock cycle every 1/60th of a second
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Bar (Paddle)

600 x 603
bar_y_t y bar_y_b
bar_y_t = bar_y_reg
bar_y_b=bar_y_t+BAR_Y
_SIZE-1
BAR_V is a velocity
of the bar (#pixels/frame)
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Bar in VHDL (1)

-- bar left, right boundary
constant BAR_X_L: integer:=600;
constant BAR_X_R: integer:=603;
-- bar top, bottom boundary
signal bar_y_t, bar_y_b: unsigned(9 downto 0);
constant BAR_Y_SIZE: integer:=72;
-- reg to track top boundary (x position is fixed)
signal bar_y_reg, bar_y_next: unsigned(9 downto 0);
-- bar moving velocity when the button are pressed
constant BAR_V: integer:=4;
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Bar in VHDL (2)

-- boundary
bar_y_t <= bar_y_reg;
bar_y_b <= bar_y_t + BAR_Y_SIZE - 1;
-- pixel within bar
bar_on <=
'1' when (BAR_X_L<=pix_x) and (pix_x<=BAR_X_R) and
(bar_y_t<=pix_y) and (pix_y<=bar_y_b) else
'0';
-- bar rgb output
bar_rgb <= "010"; --green

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Bar in VHDL (3)

-- new bar y-position
process(bar_y_reg, bar_y_b, bar_y_t, refr_tick, btn)
begin
bar_y_next <= bar_y_reg; -- no move
if refr_tick='1' then
if btn(1)='1' and bar_y_b < (MAX_Y-1-BAR_V) then
bar_y_next <= bar_y_reg + BAR_V; -- move down
elsif btn(0)='1' and bar_y_t > BAR_V then
bar_y_next <= bar_y_reg - BAR_V; -- move up
end if;
end if;
end process;

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Bar in VHDL (4)

process (clk, reset)
begin
if reset='1' then
bar_y_reg <= (others=>'0');
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
bar_y_reg <= bar_y_next;
end if;
end process;

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

Moving the Ball

ball_x_l x ball_x_r
ball_y_t y ball_y_b
ball_x_l = ball_x_reg
ball_x_r=ball_x_l+BALL_
SIZE-1
ball_y_t = ball_y_reg
ball_y_b=ball_y_t+BALL_
SIZE-1
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Ball Velocity
The ball may change direction by hitting the wall,
the paddle, or the bottom or top of the screen
We decompose velocity into an x-component
and a y-component
Each component can have either a positive value
BALL_V_P or a negative value BALL_V_N
The current value of each component is kept
in x_delta_reg and y_delta_reg

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Moving the Ball in VHDL (1)

constant BALL_SIZE: integer:=8; -- 8
-- ball boundaries
signal ball_x_l, ball_x_r: unsigned(9 downto 0);
signal ball_y_t, ball_y_b: unsigned(9 downto 0);
-- reg to track left, top boundary
signal ball_x_reg, ball_x_next: unsigned(9 downto 0);
signal ball_y_reg, ball_y_next: unsigned(9 downto 0);
-- reg to track ball speed
signal x_delta_reg, x_delta_next: unsigned(9 downto 0);
signal y_delta_reg, y_delta_next: unsigned(9 downto 0);
-- ball velocity can be pos or neg
constant BALL_V_P: unsigned(9 downto 0) := to_unsigned(2,10);
constant BALL_V_N: unsigned(9 downto 0) := unsigned(to_signed(-2,10));

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Moving the Ball in VHDL (2)

type rom_type is array (0 to 7) of std_logic_vector(0 to 7);
constant BALL_ROM: rom_type :=
( "00111100", -- ****
"01111110", -- ******
"11111111", -- ********
"11111111", -- ********
"11111111", -- ********
"11111111", -- ********
"01111110", -- ******
"00111100" -- ****
);
signal rom_addr, rom_col: unsigned(2 downto 0);
signal rom_data: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal rom_bit: std_logic;
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Moving the Ball in VHDL (3)

ball_x_l <= ball_x_reg;
ball_y_t <= ball_y_reg;
ball_x_r <= ball_x_l + BALL_SIZE - 1;
ball_y_b <= ball_y_t + BALL_SIZE - 1;
-- pixel within ball
sq_ball_on <=
'1' when (ball_x_l<=pix_x) and (pix_x<=ball_x_r) and
(ball_y_t<=pix_y) and (pix_y<=ball_y_b) else
'0';

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Moving the Ball in VHDL (4)

-- map current pixel location to ROM addr/col
rom_addr <= pix_y(2 downto 0) - ball_y_t(2 downto 0);
rom_col <= pix_x(2 downto 0) - ball_x_l(2 downto 0);
rom_data <= BALL_ROM(to_integer(rom_addr));
rom_bit <= rom_data(to_integer(rom_col));
-- pixel within ball
rd_ball_on <=
'1' when (sq_ball_on='1') and (rom_bit='1') else
'0';
-- ball rgb output
ball_rgb <= "100"; -- red
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Moving the Ball in VHDL (5)

-- new ball position
ball_x_next <= ball_x_reg + x_delta_reg when refr_tick='1' else
ball_x_reg ;
ball_y_next <= ball_y_reg + y_delta_reg when refr_tick='1' else
ball_y_reg ;

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Moving the Ball in VHDL (6)

process(x_delta_reg, y_delta_reg, ball_x_l, ball_x_r, ball_y_t, ball_y_b,
bar_y_t, bar_y_b)
begin
x_delta_next <= x_delta_reg; y_delta_next <= y_delta_reg;
if ball_y_t < 1 then -- reach top
y_delta_next <= BALL_V_P;
elsif ball_y_b > (MAX_Y-1) then -- reach bottom
y_delta_next <= BALL_V_N;
elsif ball_x_l <= WALL_X_R then -- reach wall
x_delta_next <= BALL_V_P; -- bounce back
elsif (BAR_X_L<=ball_x_r) and (ball_x_r<=BAR_X_R) then -- reach x of right bar
if (bar_y_t<=ball_y_b) and (ball_y_t<=bar_y_b) then
x_delta_next <= BALL_V_N; --hit, bounce back
end if;
end if;
end process;
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Moving the Ball in VHDL (7)

process (clk, reset)
begin
if reset='1' then
ball_x_reg <= (others=>'0');
ball_y_reg <= (others=>'0');
x_delta_reg <= BALL_V_P;
y_delta_reg <= BALL_V_P;
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
ball_x_reg <= ball_x_next;
ball_y_reg <= ball_y_next;
x_delta_reg <= x_delta_next;
y_delta_reg <= y_delta_next;
end if;
end process;
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Generating ref_tick in VHDL

pix_x <= unsigned(pixel_x);
pix_y <= unsigned(pixel_y);
-- refr_tick: 1-clock tick asserted at start of v-sync
-i.e., when the screen is refreshed (60 Hz)
refr_tick <= '1' when (pix_y=481) and (pix_x=0) else
'0';

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Vertical Synchronization

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Text Generation

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Text Generation Basics

Each character is treated as a tile
The patterns of the tiles constitute the font
of the character set
We use an 8 x 16 font, similar to the one used in
early IBM PCs
In this font each character is represented as
an 8 x 16 pixel pattern
The character patterns are stored in the
pattern memory, known as font ROM
For a 7-bit ASCII we need 128 x 16 x 8 = 2k x 8 ROM
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Font Pattern of A

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Font ROM in VHDL (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity font_rom is
port(
clk: in std_logic;
addr: in std_logic_vector(10 downto 0);
data: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)
);
end font_rom;

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Font ROM in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of font_rom is
constant ADDR_WIDTH: integer:=11;
constant DATA_WIDTH: integer:=8;
signal addr_reg: std_logic_vector(ADDR_WIDTH-1 downto 0);
type rom_type is array (0 to 2**ADDR_WIDTH-1)
of std_logic_vector(DATA_WIDTH-1 downto 0);

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Font ROM in VHDL (3)

constant ROM:
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",
"00000000",

rom_type:=(
-- 0
-- 1
-- 2
-- 3
-- 4
-- 5
-- 6
-- 7
-- 8
-- 9
-- a
-- b
-- c
-- d
-- e
-- f

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

-- 2^11-by-8

26

Font ROM in VHDL (4)

-- code x01 (smiley face)
"00000000", -- 0
"00000000", -- 1
"01111110", -- 2 ******
"10000001", -- 3 *
*
"10100101", -- 4 * * * *
"10000001", -- 5 *
*
"10000001", -- 6 *
*
"10111101", -- 7 * **** *
"10011001", -- 8 * ** *
"10000001", -- 9 *
*
"10000001", -- a *
*
"01111110", -- b ******
"00000000", -- c
"00000000", -- d
"00000000", -- e
"00000000", -- f
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Font ROM in VHDL (5)

"00000000" -- f
);
begin
-- addr register to infer block RAM
process (clk)
begin
if (clk'event and clk = '1') then
addr_reg <= addr;
end if;
end process;
data <= ROM(to_integer(unsigned(addr_reg)));
end arch;
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Font ROM in VHDL (6)

The complete code available at
http://academic.csuohio.edu/chu_p/rtl/fpga_vhdl.htm
l
File: ch13/list_ch13_01_font_rom.vhd

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Text Generation Circuit

[0..15]
[0..29]
[0..127]

[0..2047]
[0..79]
[0..7]

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Text Generation Circuit in VHDL (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity font_test_gen is
port(
clk: in std_logic;
video_on: in std_logic;
pixel_x, pixel_y: std_logic_vector(9 downto 0);
rgb_text: out std_logic_vector(2 downto 0)
);
end font_test_gen;

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Text Generation Circuit in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of font_test_gen is
signal rom_addr: std_logic_vector(10 downto 0);
signal char_addr: std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);
signal row_addr: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal bit_addr: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
signal font_word: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal font_bit, text_bit_on: std_logic;

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Text Generation Circuit in VHDL (3)

-- instantiate font ROM
font_unit: entity work.font_rom
port map(clk=>clk, addr=>rom_addr, data=>font_word);
-- font ROM interface
row_addr<=pixel_y(3 downto 0);
rom_addr <= char_addr & row_addr;
bit_addr<=pixel_x(2 downto 0);
font_bit <= font_word(to_integer(unsigned(not bit_addr)));

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Text Generation Circuit in VHDL (4)

char_addr <=pixel_y(5 downto 4) & pixel_x(7 downto 3);
-- 32 consecutive characters displayed in 4 rows
-- This 32 x 4 region displayed repetitively on the screen
text_bit_on <=
font_bit when pixel_x(9 downto 8)="00" and
pixel_y(9 downto 6)="0000" else
'0';
-- Only the top-left portion of the screen
-- (256 x 64 pixels = 32 characters x 4 lines) turned on

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Text Generation Circuit in VHDL (5)

-- rgb multiplexing circuit
process(video_on, text_bit_on)
begin
if video_on='0' then
rgb_text <= "000"; --blank
else
if text_bit_on='1' then
rgb_text <= "010"; -- green
else
rgb_text <= "000"; -- black
end if;
end if;
end process;
end arch;
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Font Scaling by a Factor of 2 (1)

-- instantiate font ROM
font_unit: entity work.font_rom
port map(clk=>clk, addr=>rom_addr, data=>font_word);
-- font ROM interface
-- row_addr<=pixel_y(3 downto 0); -- without scaling
row_addr<=pixel_y(4 downto 1); -- with scaling
rom_addr <= char_addr & row_addr;
-- bit_addr<=pixel_x(2 downto 0); -- without scaling
bit_addr<=pixel_x(3 downto 1); -- with scaling
font_bit <= font_word(to_integer(unsigned(not bit_addr)));
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Font Scaling by a Factor of 2 (2)

char_addr <=pixel_y(5 downto 4) & pixel_x(7 downto 3); -- without scaling
char_addr <=pixel_y(6 downto 5) & pixel_x(8 downto 4); -- without scaling
-- 32 consecutive characters displayed in 4 rows
-- This 32 x 4 region displayed repetitively on the screen
text_bit_on <=
-- font_bit when pixel_x(9 downto 8)="00" and
-pixel_y(9 downto 6)="0000" else
-- '0';
font_bit when pixel_x(9)=0" and
pixel_y(9 downto 7)="000" else
'0';
-- Only the top-left portion of the screen
-- (256 x 64 pixels = 32 characters x 4 lines) turned on
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Text Generation Circuit with Tile Memory

[0..15]
[0..29] & [0..79]

[0..7]

[0..2047]
[0..7]

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity text_screen_gen is
port(
clk, reset: std_logic;
btn: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
sw: std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);
video_on: in std_logic;
pixel_x, pixel_y: in std_logic_vector(9 downto 0);
text_rgb: out std_logic_vector(2 downto 0)
);
end text_screen_gen;
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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of text_screen_gen is
-- font ROM
signal char_addr: std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);
signal rom_addr: std_logic_vector(10 downto 0);
signal row_addr: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal bit_addr: unsigned(2 downto 0);
signal font_word: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal font_bit: std_logic;
-- tile RAM
signal we: std_logic;
signal addr_r, addr_w: std_logic_vector(11 downto 0);
signal din, dout: std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);
-- 80-by-30 tile map
constant MAX_X: integer:=80;
constant MAX_Y: integer:=30;
ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (3)

-- cursor
signal cur_x_reg, cur_x_next: unsigned(6 downto 0);
signal cur_y_reg, cur_y_next: unsigned(4 downto 0);
signal move_x_tick, move_y_tick: std_logic;
signal cursor_on: std_logic;
-- delayed pixel count
signal pix_x1_reg, pix_y1_reg: unsigned(9 downto 0);
signal pix_x2_reg, pix_y2_reg: unsigned(9 downto 0);
-- object output signals
signal font_rgb, font_rev_rgb: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (4)

begin
-- instantiate debounce circuit for two buttons
debounce_unit0: entity work.debounce
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset, sw=>btn(0),
db_level=>open, db_tick=>move_x_tick);
debounce_unit1: entity work.debounce
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset, sw=>btn(1),
db_level=>open, db_tick=>move_y_tick);

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (5)

-- instantiate font ROM
font_unit: entity work.font_rom
port map(clk=>clk, addr=>rom_addr, data=>font_word);
-- instantiate dual port tile RAM (2^12-by-7)
video_ram: entity work.xilinx_dual_port_ram_sync
generic map(ADDR_WIDTH=>12, DATA_WIDTH=>7)
port map(clk=>clk, we=>we,
addr_a=>addr_w, addr_b=>addr_r,
din_a=>din, dout_a=>open, dout_b=>dout);

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (6)

-- registers
process (clk)
begin
if (clk'event and clk='1') then
cur_x_reg <= cur_x_next;
cur_y_reg <= cur_y_next;
pix_x1_reg <= unsigned(pixel_x); -- 2 clock delay
pix_x2_reg <= pix_x1_reg;
pix_y1_reg <= unsigned(pixel_y);
pix_y2_reg <= pix_y1_reg;
end if;
end process;

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (7)

-- tile RAM write
addr_w <=std_logic_vector(cur_y_reg & cur_x_reg);
we <= btn(2);
din <= sw;
-- tile RAM read
-- use non-delayed coordinates to form tile RAM address
addr_r <=pixel_y(8 downto 4) & pixel_x(9 downto 3);
char_addr <= dout;
-- font ROM
row_addr<=pixel_y(3 downto 0);
rom_addr <= char_addr & row_addr;
-- use delayed coordinate to select a bit
bit_addr<=pix_x2_reg(2 downto 0);
font_bit <= font_word(to_integer(not bit_addr));
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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (8)

-- new cursor position
cur_x_next <=
(others=>'0') when move_x_tick='1' and -- wrap around
cur_x_reg=MAX_X-1 else
cur_x_reg + 1 when move_x_tick='1' else
cur_x_reg ;
cur_y_next <=
(others=>'0') when move_y_tick='1' and -- wrap around
cur_y_reg=MAX_Y-1 else
cur_y_reg + 1 when move_y_tick='1' else
cur_y_reg;

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (9)

-- object signals
-- green over black and reversed video for courser
font_rgb <="010" when font_bit='1' else "000";
font_rev_rgb <="000" when font_bit='1' else "010";
-- use delayed coordinates for comparison
cursor_on <='1' when pix_y2_reg(8 downto 4)=cur_y_reg and
pix_x2_reg(9 downto 3)=cur_x_reg else
'0';

ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Full-Screen Text Display in VHDL (10)

-- rgb multiplexing circuit
process(video_on,cursor_on,font_rgb,font_rev_rgb)
begin
if video_on='0' then
text_rgb <= "000"; --blank
else
if cursor_on='1' then
text_rgb <= font_rev_rgb;
else
text_rgb <= font_rgb;
end if;
end if;
end process;
end arch;
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The Complete Pong Game

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Pong Game Rules

When the game starts it displays the text of the rule
After a player presses a button the game starts
The player scores a point each time hitting the ball
with the paddle
When the player misses the ball, the game pauses
and the new ball is provided
Three balls are provided in each session
The score and the number of balls remaining
are displayed on the top of the screen
After 3 misses, the game ends with the
end-of-game message
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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Text Subsystem
Score: DD Ball: D in a font scaled by a factor of 2
(16 by 32)
PONG logo in a font scaled by a factor of 8
(64 by 128)
The rule message in regular font (8 by 16), only
at the beginning of the game
The end-of-game message (Game Over)
in a font scaled by a factor of 4 (32 by 64)
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Modifications in Graphic Subsystem

Add a gra_still (still graphics) control signal
When it is asserted, the vertical bar is placed
in the middle of the screen without movement
Add hit and miss status signals.
The hit signal is asserted for one clock cycle
when the paddle hits the ball.
The miss signal is asserted when the ball reaches
the right border.
Add graph_on to indicate an active state of
the graph subsystem
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Auxiliary Counters
m100count is a two-digit BCD counter
counting from 00 to 99, used to keep track
of the score of the game
The timer module uses the 60 Hz tick, timer_tick,
to generate a 2-second interval.
Its purpose is to pause video for a small interval
between transitions of the screen.

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ASM Chart

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ASCII Code

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Generating ASCII codes of digits

with pix_x(7 downto 4) select
char_addr_s <=
"1010011" when "0000", -- S x53
"1100011" when "0001", -- c x63
"1101111" when "0010", -- o x6f
"1110010" when "0011", -- r x72
"1100101" when "0100", -- e x65
"0111010" when "0101", -- : x3a
"011" & dig1 when "0110", -- digit 10
"011" & dig0 when "0111", -- digit 1
"0000000" when "1000",
"0000000" when "1001",
"1000010" when "1010", -- B x42
"1100001" when "1011", -- a x61
"1101100" when "1100", -- l x6c
"1101100" when "1101", -- l x6c
"0111010" when "1110", -- :
"01100" & ball when others; -- number of remaining balls [0..3]
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Source Codes
of all Subsystems

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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.ALL;
use ieee.numeric_std.ALL;
entity pong_text is
port(
clk, reset: in std_logic;
pixel_x, pixel_y: in std_logic_vector(9 downto 0);
dig0, dig1: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
ball: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
text_on: out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
text_rgb: out std_logic_vector(2 downto 0)
);
end pong_text;
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of pong_text is
signal pix_x, pix_y: unsigned(9 downto 0);
signal rom_addr: std_logic_vector(10 downto 0);
signal char_addr, char_addr_s, char_addr_l, char_addr_r,
char_addr_o: std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);
signal row_addr, row_addr_s, row_addr_l,row_addr_r,
row_addr_o: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal bit_addr, bit_addr_s, bit_addr_l,bit_addr_r,
bit_addr_o: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
signal font_word: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal font_bit: std_logic;
signal score_on, logo_on, rule_on, over_on: std_logic;
signal rule_rom_addr: unsigned(5 downto 0);
type rule_rom_type is array (0 to 63) of std_logic_vector (6 downto 0);
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (3)

constant RULE_ROM: rule_rom_type :=
( -- row 1
"1010010", -- R
"1010101", -- U
"1001100", -- L
"1000101", -- E
"0111010", -- :
"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -ECE 448 FPGA and ASIC Design with VHDL

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (4)

-- row 2
"1010101", -- U
"1110011", -- s
"1100101", -- e
"0000000", -"1110100", -- t
"1110111", -- w
"1101111", -- o
"0000000", -"1100010", -- b
"1110101", -- u
"1110100", -- t
"1110100", -- t
"1101111", -- o
"1101110", -- n
"1110011", -- s
"0000000", --

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (5)

-- row 3
"1110100", -- t
"1101111", -- o
"0000000", -"1101101", -- m
"1101111", -- o
"1110110", -- v
"1100101", -- e
"0000000", -"1110000", -- p
"1100001", -- a
"1100100", -- d
"1100100", -- d
"1101100", -- l
"1100101", -- e
"0000000", -"0000000", --

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (6)

-- row 4
"1110101", -- u
"1110000", -- p
"0000000", -"1100001", -- a
"1101110", -- n
"1100100", -- d
"0000000", -"1100100", -- d
"1101111", -- o
"1110111", -- w
"1101110", -- n
"0101110", -- .
"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000", -"0000000" -);
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (7)

begin
pix_x <= unsigned(pixel_x);
pix_y <= unsigned(pixel_y);
-- instantiate font rom
font_unit: entity work.font_rom
port map(clk=>clk, addr=>rom_addr, data=>font_word);

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (8)

---------------------------------------------- score region
-- - display two-digit score, ball on top left
-- - scale to 16-by-32 font
-- - line 1, 16 chars: "Score:DD Ball:D"
--------------------------------------------score_on <=
'1' when pix_y(9 downto 5)=0 and
pix_x(9 downto 4)<16 else
'0';
row_addr_s <= std_logic_vector(pix_y(4 downto 1));
bit_addr_s <= std_logic_vector(pix_x(3 downto 1));

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (9)

with pix_x(7 downto 4) select
char_addr_s <=
"1010011" when "0000", -- S x53
"1100011" when "0001", -- c x63
"1101111" when "0010", -- o x6f
"1110010" when "0011", -- r x72
"1100101" when "0100", -- e x65
"0111010" when "0101", -- : x3a
"011" & dig1 when "0110", -- digit 10
"011" & dig0 when "0111", -- digit 1
"0000000" when "1000",
"0000000" when "1001",
"1000010" when "1010", -- B x42
"1100001" when "1011", -- a x61
"1101100" when "1100", -- l x6c
"1101100" when "1101", -- l x6c
"0111010" when "1110", -- :
"01100" & ball when others;
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ASCII Code

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (10)

---------------------------------------------- logo region:
-- - display logo "PONG" on top center
-- - used as background
-- - scale to 64-by-128 font
--------------------------------------------logo_on <=
'1' when pix_y(9 downto 7)=2 and
(3<= pix_x(9 downto 6) and pix_x(9 downto 6)<=6) else
'0';
row_addr_l <= std_logic_vector(pix_y(6 downto 3));
bit_addr_l <= std_logic_vector(pix_x(5 downto 3));

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (11)

with pix_x(8 downto 6) select

char_addr_l <=
"1010000" when "011", -- P x50
"1001111" when "100", -- O x4f
"1001110" when "101", -- N x4e
"1000111" when others; --G x47

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (12)

-- rule region
-- - display rule (4-by-16 tiles) on center
-- - rule text:
-Rule:
-Use two buttons
-to move paddle
-up and down
--------------------------------------------rule_on <= '1' when pix_x(9 downto 7) = "010" and
pix_y(9 downto 6)= "0010" else
'0';
row_addr_r <= std_logic_vector(pix_y(3 downto 0));
bit_addr_r <= std_logic_vector(pix_x(2 downto 0));
rule_rom_addr <= pix_y(5 downto 4) & pix_x(6 downto 3);
char_addr_r <= RULE_ROM(to_integer(rule_rom_addr));
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (13)

---------------------------------------------- game over region
-- - display "Game Over" on center
-- - scale to 32-by-64 fonts
--------------------------------------------over_on <=
'1' when pix_y(9 downto 6)=3 and
5<= pix_x(9 downto 5) and pix_x(9 downto 5)<=13 else
'0';
row_addr_o <= std_logic_vector(pix_y(5 downto 2));
bit_addr_o <= std_logic_vector(pix_x(4 downto 2));

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (14)

with pix_x(8 downto 5) select
char_addr_o <=
"1000111" when "0101", -- G x47
"1100001" when "0110", -- a x61
"1101101" when "0111", -- m x6d
"1100101" when "1000", -- e x65
"0000000" when "1001", -"1001111" when "1010", -- O x4f
"1110110" when "1011", -- v x76
"1100101" when "1100", -- e x65
"1110010" when others; -- r x72

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (15)

-- mux for font ROM addresses and rgb
process(score_on, logo_on, rule_on, pix_x, pix_y, font_bit,
char_addr_s, char_addr_l, char_addr_r, char_addr_o,
row_addr_s, row_addr_l, row_addr_r, row_addr_o,
bit_addr_s, bit_addr_l, bit_addr_r, bit_addr_o)
begin
text_rgb <= "110"; -- background, yellow
if score_on='1' then
char_addr <= char_addr_s;
row_addr <= row_addr_s;
bit_addr <= bit_addr_s;
if font_bit='1' then
text_rgb <= "001"; -- blue
end if;
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (16)

elsif rule_on='1' then
char_addr <= char_addr_r;
row_addr <= row_addr_r;
bit_addr <= bit_addr_r;
if font_bit='1' then
text_rgb <= "001"; -- blue
end if;
elsif logo_on='1' then
char_addr <= char_addr_l;
row_addr <= row_addr_l;
bit_addr <= bit_addr_l;
if font_bit='1' then
text_rgb <= "011"; -- cyan
end if;
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Text Subsystem in VHDL (17)

else -- game over
char_addr <= char_addr_o;
row_addr <= row_addr_o;
bit_addr <= bit_addr_o;
if font_bit='1' then
text_rgb <= "001";
end if;
end if;
end process;
text_on <= score_on & logo_on & rule_on & over_on;

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Text Subsystem in VHDL (18)

---------------------------------------------- font rom interface
--------------------------------------------rom_addr <= char_addr & row_addr;
font_bit <= font_word(to_integer(unsigned(not bit_addr)));
end arch;

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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Modifications in VHDL (1)

-- new ball position
ball_x_next <=
to_unsigned((MAX_X)/2,10) when gra_still='1' else
ball_x_reg + ball_vx_reg when refr_tick='1' else
ball_x_reg ;
ball_y_next <=
to_unsigned((MAX_Y)/2,10) when gra_still='1' else
ball_y_reg + ball_vy_reg when refr_tick='1' else
ball_y_reg ;

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Modifications in VHDL (2)

process(ball_vx_reg, ball_vy_reg, ball_y_t, ball_x_l, ball_x_r,
ball_y_t, ball_y_b, bar_y_t, bar_y_b, gra_still)
begin
hit <='0';
miss <='0';
ball_vx_next <= ball_vx_reg;
ball_vy_next <= ball_vy_reg;
if gra_still='1' then
--initial velocity
ball_vx_next <= BALL_V_N;
ball_vy_next <= BALL_V_P;
elsif ball_y_t < 1 then
-- reach top
ball_vy_next <= BALL_V_P;
elsif ball_y_b > (MAX_Y-1) then -- reach bottom
ball_vy_next <= BALL_V_N;
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Modifications in VHDL (3)

elsif ball_x_l <= WALL_X_R then -- reach wall
ball_vx_next <= BALL_V_P; -- bounce back
elsif (BAR_X_L<=ball_x_r) and (ball_x_r<=BAR_X_R) and
(bar_y_t<=ball_y_b) and (ball_y_t<=bar_y_b) then
-- reach x of right bar, a hit
ball_vx_next <= BALL_V_N; -- bounce back
hit <= '1';
elsif (ball_x_r > MAX_X) then -- reach right border
miss <= '1';
-- a miss
end if;
end process;

graph_on <= wall_on or bar_on or rd_ball_on;

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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Two-digit BCD counter in VHDL (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity m100_counter is
port(
clk, reset: in std_logic;
d_inc, d_clr: in std_logic;
dig0,dig1: out std_logic_vector (3 downto 0)
);
end m100_counter;

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Two-digit BCD counter in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of m100_counter is
signal dig0_reg, dig1_reg: unsigned(3 downto 0);
signal dig0_next, dig1_next: unsigned(3 downto 0);
begin
-- registers
process (clk, reset)
begin
if reset='1' then
dig1_reg <= (others=>'0');
dig0_reg <= (others=>'0');
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
dig1_reg <= dig1_next;
dig0_reg <= dig0_next;
end if;
end process;
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Two-digit BCD counter in VHDL (3)

process(d_clr,d_inc,dig1_reg,dig0_reg)
begin
dig0_next <= dig0_reg;
dig1_next <= dig1_reg;
if (d_clr='1') then
dig0_next <= (others=>'0');
dig1_next <= (others=>'0');
elsif (d_inc='1') then
if dig0_reg=9 then
dig0_next <= (others=>'0');
if dig1_reg=9 then -- 10th digit
dig1_next <= (others=>'0');
else
dig1_next <= dig1_reg + 1;
end if;
else -- dig0 not 9
dig0_next <= dig0_reg + 1;
end if;
end if;
end process;
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Two-digit BCD counter in VHDL (4)

dig0 <= std_logic_vector(dig0_reg);
dig1 <= std_logic_vector(dig1_reg);
end arch;

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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Two-second Timer in VHDL (1)

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity timer is
port(
clk, reset: in std_logic;
timer_start, timer_tick: in std_logic;
timer_up: out std_logic
);
end timer;

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Two-second Timer in VHDL (2)

architecture arch of timer is
signal timer_reg, timer_next: unsigned(6 downto 0);
begin
-- registers
process (clk, reset)
begin
if reset='1' then
timer_reg <= (others=>'1');
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
timer_reg <= timer_next;
end if;
end process;

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Two-second Timer in VHDL (3)

-- next-state logic
process(timer_start, timer_reg, timer_tick)
begin
if (timer_start='1') then
timer_next <= (others=>'1');
elsif timer_tick='1' and timer_reg/=0 then
timer_next <= timer_reg - 1;
else
timer_next <= timer_reg;
end if;
end process;
timer_up <='1' when timer_reg=0 else '0';
end arch;

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The Complete Pong Game Circuit

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Top-level System (1)

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity pong_top is
port(
clk, reset: in std_logic;
btn: in std_logic_vector (1 downto 0);
hsync, vsync: out std_logic;
rgb: out std_logic_vector (2 downto 0)
);
end pong_top;

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Top-level System (2)

architecture arch of pong_top is
type state_type is (newgame, play, newball, over);
signal video_on, pixel_tick: std_logic;
signal pixel_x, pixel_y: std_logic_vector (9 downto 0);
signal graph_on, gra_still, hit, miss: std_logic;
signal text_on: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal graph_rgb, text_rgb: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
signal rgb_reg, rgb_next: std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
signal state_reg, state_next: state_type;
signal dig0, dig1: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal d_inc, d_clr: std_logic;
signal timer_tick, timer_start, timer_up: std_logic;
signal ball_reg, ball_next: unsigned(1 downto 0);
signal ball: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
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Top-level System (3)

begin
-- instantiate video synchonization unit
vga_sync_unit: entity work.vga_sync
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset,
hsync=>hsync, vsync=>vsync,
pixel_x=>pixel_x, pixel_y=>pixel_y,
video_on=>video_on, p_tick=>pixel_tick);
-- instantiate text module
ball <= std_logic_vector(ball_reg); --type conversion
text_unit: entity work.pong_text
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset,
pixel_x=>pixel_x, pixel_y=>pixel_y,
dig0=>dig0, dig1=>dig1, ball=>ball,
text_on=>text_on, text_rgb=>text_rgb);
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Top-level System (4)

-- instantiate graph module
graph_unit: entity work.pong_graph
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset, btn=>btn,
pixel_x=>pixel_x, pixel_y=>pixel_y,
gra_still=>gra_still, hit=>hit, miss=>miss,
graph_on=>graph_on, rgb=>graph_rgb);
-- instantiate 2 sec timer
timer_tick <= -- 60 Hz tick
'1' when pixel_x="0000000000" and
pixel_y="0000000000" else
'0';

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Top-level System (5)

timer_unit: entity work.timer
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset,
timer_tick=>timer_tick,
timer_start=>timer_start,
timer_up=>timer_up);
-- instantiate 2-digit decade counter
counter_unit: entity work.m100_counter
port map(clk=>clk, reset=>reset,
d_inc=>d_inc, d_clr=>d_clr,
dig0=>dig0, dig1=>dig1);

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Top-level System (6)

-- registers
process (clk, reset)
begin
if reset='1' then
state_reg <= newgame;
ball_reg <= (others=>'0');
rgb_reg <= (others=>'0');
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
state_reg <= state_next;
ball_reg <= ball_next;
if (pixel_tick='1') then
rgb_reg <= rgb_next;
end if;
end if;
end process;
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Top-level System (7)

process(btn, hit, miss, timer_up, state_reg, ball_reg, ball_next)
begin
gra_still <= '1';
timer_start <='0';
d_inc <= '0';
d_clr <= '0';
state_next <= state_reg;
ball_next <= ball_reg;

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ASM Chart

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Top-level System (8)

case state_reg is
when newgame =>
ball_next <= "11"; -- three balls
d_clr <= '1';
-- clear score
if (btn /= "00") then -- button pressed
state_next <= play;
ball_next <= ball_reg - 1;
end if;

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Top-level System (9)

when play =>
gra_still <= '0'; -- animated screen
if hit='1' then
d_inc <= '1'; -- increment score
elsif miss='1' then
if (ball_reg=0) then
state_next <= over;
else
state_next <= newball;
end if;
timer_start <= '1'; -- 2 sec timer
ball_next <= ball_reg - 1;
end if;
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Top-level System (10)

when newball =>
-- wait for 2 sec and until button pressed
if timer_up='1' and (btn /= "00") then
state_next <= play;
end if;
when over =>
-- wait for 2 sec to display game over
if timer_up='1' then
state_next <= newgame;
end if;
end case;
end process;

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Top-level System (11)

process(state_reg, video_on, graph_on, graph_rgb, text_on, text_rgb)
begin
if video_on='0' then
rgb_next <= "000"; -- blank the edge/retrace
else
-- display score, rule or game over
if (text_on(3)='1') or -- score
(state_reg=newgame and text_on(1)='1') or -- rule
(state_reg=over and text_on(0)='1') then -- over
rgb_next <= text_rgb;
elsif graph_on='1' then -- display graph
rgb_next <= graph_rgb;

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Top-level System (12)

elsif

text_on(2)='1' then -- display logo

rgb_next <= text_rgb;
else
rgb_next <= "110"; -- yellow background
end if;
end if;
end process;
rgb <= rgb_reg;
end arch;

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