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Punjab College university campus, Faisalabad

Computer Programming
Lecture #1

Introduction

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Muhammad Arif
[email protected]

Programming
The process of writing computer programs.
How can we write a program?
What we need?

LANGUAGE

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Language
What is a language?
What is a programming language?
Basic types of computer languages:

Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language

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Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,

and High-level Languages

Three types of computer languages

1. Machine language

Only language computer directly understands

Natural language of computer
Defined by hardware design
Machine-dependent
Generally consist of strings of numbers
Ultimately 0s and 1s
Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
One at a time
Cumbersome for humans
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027

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Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,

and High-level Languages

Three types of computer languages

2. Assembly language

English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer

operations
Clearer to humans
Incomprehensible to computers
Translator programs (assemblers)
Convert to machine language
Example:
LOAD
BASEPAY
ADD
OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

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Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,

and High-level Languages

Three types of computer languages

3. High-level languages

Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical

notations
Single statements accomplish large tasks
Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
Translator programs (compilers)
Convert to machine language
Interpreter programs
Directly execute high-level language programs
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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History of C and C++

History of C++

Extension of C
Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
Spruces up C
Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
Objects: reusable software components
Model items in real world
Object-oriented programs
Easy to understand, correct and modify

Hybrid language

C-like style
Object-oriented style
Both
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C++ Standard Library

C++ programs
Built from pieces called classes and functions

C++ standard library

Rich collections of existing classes and functions

Building block approach to creating programs

Software reuse

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Structured Programming
Structured programming (1960s)
Disciplined approach to writing programs
Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify

Pascal
1971: Niklaus Wirth

Ada
1970s - early 1980s: US Department of Defense (DoD)
Multitasking

Programmer can specify many activities to run in parallel

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

Objects
Reusable software components that model real world items
Meaningful software units
Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects,
audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
Any noun can be represented as an object

More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain

than procedural programming
Favor modularity

Software reuse
Libraries
MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes)
Rogue Wave
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Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

C++ systems

Program-development environment
Language
C++ Standard Library

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13

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile

Disk

Programiscreatedin
theeditorandstored
ondisk.

Disk

Preprocessorprogram
processesthecode.

Compiler

Disk

Compilercreates
objectcodeandstores
itondisk.

Linker

Disk

Editor

Preprocessor

4. Link

Loader

5. Load

Disk

6. Execute

Primary
Memory

Loaderputsprogram
inmemory.
..
..
..

Primary
Memory

CPU

..
..
..

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Linkerlinkstheobject
codewiththelibraries,
createsa.outand
storesitondisk

CPUtakeseach
instructionand
executesit,possibly
storingnewdata
valuesastheprogram
executes.

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Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Input/output
cin
Standard input stream
Normally keyboard

cout
Standard output stream
Normally computer screen

cerr

Standard error stream

Display error messages

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15

Introduction to C++ Programming

C++ language
Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to computer
program design

Following several examples

Illustrate many important features of C++
Each analyzed one statement at a time

Structured programming
Object-oriented programming

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A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
Comments

Document programs
Improve program readability
Ignored by compiler
Single-line comment
Begin with //

Preprocessor directives

Processed by preprocessor before compiling

Begin with #

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Outline

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// Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp

// A first program in C++.
Function main
#include <iostream>

returns an
directive to
integer
value.
Left brace
{ begins Preprocessor
function
include
input/output Statements
stream
begins
execution
body. program
end with a
Function
main appears
header
file
<iostream>.
exactly once in every C++ semicolon ;.
program..

// function main
int main()
{
std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
return 0;

//

} // end function

Welcome to C++!

Single-line comments.

Corresponding right brace }

indicate
thatbody.
program ended successfully
ends
function
Stream
insertion
Name cout
belongs
to operator.
main namespace std.
Keyword return is one of
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
Standard output stream object
std::cout
Connected to screen
<<
Stream insertion operator
Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream

Namespace
std:: specifies using name that belongs to namespace
std
std:: removed through use of using statements

Escape characters

\
Indicates special character output
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A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
Escape Sequence

Description

\n

Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
Alert. Sound the system bell.

\t
\r

\a
\\
\"

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Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.

Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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Outline

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// Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp

// Printing a line with multiple statements.
#include <iostream>
// function main begins program execution
int main()
{
std::cout << "Welcome ";
std::cout << "to C++!\n";
return 0;

Multiple stream insertion

statements produce one line of
output.

// indicate that program ended successfully

} // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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Outline

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// Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp

// Printing multiple lines with a single statement
#include <iostream>
// function main begins program execution Using newline characters
print on multiple lines.
int main()
{
std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";
return 0;

to

// indicate that program ended successfully

} // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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Another Simple Program:

Adding Two Integers
Variables
Location in memory where value can be stored
Common data types
int - integer numbers
char - characters
double - floating point numbers

Declare variables with name and data type before use

int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;

Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration

Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;
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Another Simple Program:

Adding Two Integers
Variables
Variable names

Valid identifier
Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
Cannot begin with digit
Case sensitive

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Another Simple Program:

Adding Two Integers
Input stream object
>> (stream extraction operator)
Used with std::cin
Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
Stores value in variable to right of operator
Converts value to variable data type

= (assignment operator)
Assigns value to variable
Binary operator (two operands)
Example:

sum = variable1 + variable2;

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Outline

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// Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp

// Addition program.
#include <iostream>
// function main begins program execution
int main()
Declare integer variables.
{
int integer1; // first number to be input by user
int integer2; // second number to be input by user
Use stream extraction
int sum;
// variable in which sum will be stored
std::cout << "Enter first
std::cin >> integer1;

operator with standard input

stream to obtain
user input.
integer\n";
// prompt

// read an integer

std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt

std::cin >> integer2;
an integer
Calculations //
canread
be performed
in output

statements:
Stream manipulator
alternative for lines 18 and 20: std::endl outputs a
sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
newline, then flushes
std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 <<
std::endl;
std::cout << "Sum is " << sum
<< std::endl; // print sum output buffer.
return 0;

// indicate that program ended successfully

} // end function main

Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

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All rights reserved.

Outline

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117

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All rights reserved.

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27

Memory Concepts
Variable names

Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory

Every variable has name, type, size and value
When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value
Reading variables from memory nondestructive

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28

Memory Concepts
std::cin >> integer1;

integer1

45

std::cin >> integer2;

integer1

45

Assume user entered 72

integer2

72

integer1

45

integer2

72

Assume user entered 45

sum = integer1 + integer2;

sum

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117

29

Arithmetic
Arithmetic calculations
*
Multiplication

/
Division
Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1

Modulus operator returns remainder

7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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30

Arithmetic
Rules of operator precedence
Operators in parentheses evaluated first
Nested/embedded parentheses
Operators in innermost pair first

Multiplication, division, modulus applied next

Operators applied from left to right

Addition, subtraction applied last

Operator(s)
()

*, /, or %

+ or -

Operation(s)
Operators
applied fromOrder
leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
Parentheses

Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the

expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus
evaluated left to right.
Addition
Subtraction

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Evaluated last. If there are several, they are

evaluated left to right.

Decision Making: Equality and Relational

Operators
if structure
Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
If condition met, body executed
Else, body not executed

Equality and relational operators

Equality operators
Same level of precedence

Relational operators
Same level of precedence

Associate left to right

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational

Operators
Standard algebraic
equality operator or
relational operator

C++ equality
or relational
operator

Example
of C++
condition

Meaning of
C++ condition

Relationaloperators

>

>

x>y

xisgreaterthany

<

<

x<y

xislessthany

>=

x>=y

xisgreaterthanorequaltoy

<=

x<=y

xislessthanorequaltoy

Equalityoperators

==

x==y

xisequaltoy

!=

x!=y

xisnotequaltoy

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational

Operators
using statements

Eliminate use of std:: prefix

Write cout instead of std::cout

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Outline

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// Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp

// Using if statements, relational
// operators, and equality operators.
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

// program uses cout

// program uses cin
// program uses endl

using statements eliminate

need for std:: prefix.

variables.
// function main begins programDeclare
execution
int main()
{
Can write
cin
int num1; // first number
to becout
read and
from
user
withouttostd::
prefix.
int num2; // second number
be read
from user
cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
if structure compares values
<< "the relationships they satisfy: ";
of num1 and num2
to test for
If condition
is true
cin >> num1 >> num2;
// read two integers
if ( num1 == num2 )
cout << num1 << " is

(i.e.,
equality.
values are equal), execute this
if structure compares
values
statement.
If condition
is true (i.e.,
of num1
andnum2
num2
test for
equal
to " <<
<< to
endl;
values are not equal), execute
inequality.
this statement.

if ( num1 != num2 )
cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;

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All rights reserved.

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Outline
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if ( num1 < num2 )

cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 > num2 )
Statements
cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;

may be split over

several lines.

if ( num1 <= num2 )

cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "
<< num2 << endl;
if ( num1 >= num2 )
cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
<< num2 << endl;
return 0;

// indicate that program ended successfully

} // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Outline

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

36

Thinking About Objects: Introduction to

Object Technology and the Unified
Modeling Language
Object oriented programming (OOP)
Model real-world objects with software counterparts
Attributes (state) - properties of objects
Size, shape, color, weight, etc.

Behaviors (operations) - actions

A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates
Objects can perform actions as well

Inheritance
New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes

Objects

Encapsulate data and functions

Information hiding
Communicate across well-defined interfaces
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Thinking About Objects: Introduction to

Object Technology and the Unified
Modeling Language
User-defined types (classes, components)
Data members
Data components of class

Member functions
Function components of class

Association
Reuse classes

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Thinking About Objects: Introduction to

Object Technology and the Unified
Modeling Language
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
process
Analysis of projects requirements
Design for satisfying requirements
Pseudocode

Informal means of expressing program

Outline to guide code

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Thinking About Objects: Introduction to

Object Technology and the Unified
Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
2001: Object Management Group (OMG)
Released UML version 1.4

Model object-oriented systems and aid design

Flexible
Extendable
Independent of many OOAD processes
One standard set of notations

Complex, feature-rich graphical language

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