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(Ch2) Foundations of Individual Behaviour - ppt1

- Individual differences like biographical characteristics, physical abilities, intelligence, and personality can impact job performance, satisfaction, stress, and leadership. Learning involves relatively permanent behavioral changes from experience and can be good or bad for organizations. The three main learning theories are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Personality is described by the Big Five traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness.

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57 views46 pages

(Ch2) Foundations of Individual Behaviour - ppt1

- Individual differences like biographical characteristics, physical abilities, intelligence, and personality can impact job performance, satisfaction, stress, and leadership. Learning involves relatively permanent behavioral changes from experience and can be good or bad for organizations. The three main learning theories are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Personality is described by the Big Five traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness.

Uploaded by

Kalai Chelvi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATIONS OF

INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOUR

Individual differences

Individual differences mean, the ways in which


people differ from each other .
Managers need to understand individuals
differences because they have impacts on feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors of each member in
organization.
Individual differences can affect, job satisfaction,
job performance, job stress, and leadership.

BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Generally, they include data that are contained in an
employees personnel file.
PHYSICAL ABILITIES
Jobs in which success demands stamina, manual dexterity, leg
strength, or similar talents require management to identify an
employees physical capabilities.
ABILITY
Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various
tasks in a job. It is a current assessment of what one can do.
Intellectual abilities
Multiple Intelligences

LEARNING

Learning
Learning is any relatively permanent change
in behavior that occurs as a result of
experience.
Learning involves change. Change may be
good or bad from an organizational point of
view.

Activity
List down and discuss come of the
new things you have learned recently.
How do you think it change your
behavior?

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

This type of learning involves the


manipulation of a stimulus (or stimuli) to
influence behavior.
Stimulus-something that incites action.
Involuntary and reflexive behaviors of humans
are also susceptible to classical conditioning.

that
are
classically
Behaviors
conditioned are those which involve
the learning of involuntary responses
-- responses over which the learner
has no control and to which he or
she
responds
reflexively
or
"automatically."

Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs
- he was measuring the amount of
salivation produced by the salivary
glands of dogs by presenting them
meat powder through a food
dispenser

The dispenser would deliver the meat


powder to which the animals salivated.
However, what Pavlov noticed was that the
food dispenser made a sound when
delivering the powder, and that the dogs
salivated before the powder was delivered.
He realized that the dogs associated the
sound (which occurred seconds before the
powder actually arrived) with the delivery
of the food. Thus, the dogs had "learned"
that when the sound occurred, the meat
powder was going to arrive.

Classical Conditioning
Procedure

Fig 6.2

For Example - "fear of bridges" - fear of bridges can


develop from many different sources. For example,
while a child rides in a car over a dilapidated bridge,
his father makes jokes about the bridge collapsing
and all of them falling into the river below. The
father finds this funny and so decides to do it
whenever they cross the bridge. Years later, the
child has grown up and now is afraid to drive over any
bridge. In this case, the fear of one bridge
generalized to all bridges which now evoke fear.

Activity
Explain any situation that apply
classical conditioning.
Include US/UR/CS/CR

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Behavior is a function of its consequences.
Operant or voluntary behavior is learned, unlike
involuntary or unlearned behavior.
Skinner argued that creating pleasing
consequences to follow a specific form of
behavior will increase the frequency of the
behavior.

In the Workplace

To help reduce the frequency of employee


tardiness, the researchers implemented a gamelike system for all employees that arrived on time.
When an employee arrived on time, they were
allowed to draw a card. Over the course of a 5day workweek, the employee would have a full
hand for poker.
At the end of the week, the best hand won $20.
This simple method reduced employee tardiness
significantly and demonstrated the effectiveness
of operant conditioning on humans

Your father gives you a credit card at the


end of your first year in college because you
did so well. As a result, your grades continue
to get better in your second year.
This example is operant conditioning
because school performance is a voluntary
behavior.
The credit card is a positive reinforcement
because it is given and it increases the
behavior.

Children completing homework


to earn a reward from a parent
or teacher or employees
finishing projects to receive
praise or promotions.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY PROCESSES

The social learning theory asserts that


we can learn through both observation
and experience.
Behavior is a function of consequences
and recognizes that perception is
important to learning

Four processes are involved in learning:

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivational process

Attention

Retention

Motor
reproduction

Motivational
process

Model stimuli

Coding
Organization

Physical
Capability

Reinforcement

Trainee
Characteristic

Rehearsal

Accuracy
Feedback

Match
Modeled
performance

SHAPING BEHAVIOUR
Methods of Shaping Behavior.

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
Following a response with something
pleasant is called positive
reinforcement.
Following a response by the termination
or withdrawal of something unpleasant
is called negative reinforcement.
reinforcement

Activity 2
Assuming yourself as a manager of an
organization.
Discuss how would you apply positive
and negative reinforcement.

VALUES, ATTITUDES AND JOB


SATISFACTION

VALUES
Values represent basic convictions
that a specific mode of conduct
is personally or socially preferable
to an opposite model of conduct.

ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY

Terminal values- desirable end-states


existence. These are the goals that a
person would like to achieve during his
or her lifetime.
Instrumental values- preferable modes
of behavior, or means of achieving the
terminal values. .

Terminal Value

Instrumental Value

A comfortable life ( a
prosperous life)

Ambitious (hardworking,
aspiring)

An exciting life (a
stimulating, active life)

Broad-minded (openminded)

A sense of
accomplishment (lasting
contribution)

Capable (competent,
effective)
Clean (neat, tidy)

A world at peace (free of Courageous (standing up


war and conflict)
for your beliefs)
Family security (taking
Forgiving (willing pardon
care of loved ones)
others)

Negative

Positive

Behaviors

Attitude
VALUE

Attitudes
Attitude = a favorable or unfavorable evaluative
reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in
ones beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior
They represent an emotional readiness to behave in
a particular manner.
You are not born in these thought; you learn them.

Negative

Positive

Behaviors

Attitude
VALUE

Components of attitudes.

The ABC's of attitudes

A: Affective (liking, feeling for)


B: Behavioral (how you behave toward object
in question)
C: Cognition (your beliefs/thoughts about
object in question)

Cognition an opinion or belief


I just found out I am paid 20% less than my
coworkers.
Affect the emotional or feeling segment
associated with that belief
I feel angry that I am not being treated
fairly.
Behavior the intention to behave in a certain way
I am going to quit this job soon as I can, and I
am taking the red stapler with me!
People Management

37

Think of your attitudes toward the


object BIG Macs.
What are the A, B, C's of this attitude?

JOB RELATED ATTITUDES


Job satisfaction is an employees general
attitude toward his or her job.
Job involvement is the degree to which an
employee identifies with his or her job,
actively participates in it, and considers job
performance important to his or her selfworth.
Organizational commitment represents an
employees loyalty to, identification with, and
involvement in the organization

PERSONALITY

What is personality?
A relatively stable set of
characteristics, tendencies, and
traits
Trait: a specific component of
personality that describes particular
tendencies a person has to feel,
think, and act in certain ways

THE BIG-FIVE
PERSONALITY MODEL
Extroverts tend to maintain a large number
of relationships. Introverts tend to be
reserved and have fewer relationships.
Agreeableness refers to a persons
propensity to defer to others.

Conscientiousness refers to the number


of goals on which a person focuses.
Emotional-stability refers a persons
ability to withstand stress.
Openness to experience refers to ones
range of interests.

EMOTIONS

Six Universal Emotions


Anger,
Fear
Sadness
Happiness
Disgust
surprise.

Tutorial
Define learning? What are the three types of
learning theories? Provide examples.
Describe 3 components of attitudes with examples.
Discuss the Big Five Personality

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