Seventh Edition in SI Units

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
David F. Mazurek
Sanjeev Sanghi

Introduction
Concept of Stress

Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Sanjeev Sanghi
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contents

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Concept of Stress

Bearing Stress in Connections

Review of Statics

Stress Analysis & Design Example

Structure Free-Body Diagram

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

Component Free-Body Diagram

Pin Shearing Stresses

Method of Joints

Pin Bearing Stresses

Stress Analysis

Stress in Two Force Members

Design

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Maximum Stresses

Centric & Eccentric Loading

Stress Under General Loadings

Shearing Stress

State of Stress

Shearing Stress Examples

Factor of Safety

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept of Stress

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

The main objective of the study of the mechanics

of materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure
involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the
concept of stress.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Review of Statics

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a
boom AB and rod BC joined by
pins (zero moment connections)
at the junctions and supports

Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.

Perform a static analysis to

determine the reaction forces at
the supports and the internal
force in each structural member

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Structure Free-Body Diagram

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Structure is detached from supports and

the loads and reaction forces are
indicated to produce a free-body diagram
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M

0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m

Ax 40 kN

0 Ax C x

0 Ay C y 30 kN 0

C x Ax 40 kN
y

Ay C y 30 kN

Fig. 1.2 Free-body diagram of boom showing

Applied load and reaction forces.

Ay and Cy cannot be determined from

these equations

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Component Free-Body Diagram
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram of the boom AB:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure equilibrium

equation
C y 30 kN
Fig. 1.3 Free-body diagram of member AB freed from
structure.

Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

Reaction forces are directed along the

boom and rod

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Method of Joints

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force
triangle:

FB 0
FAB FBC 30 kN

4
5
3
FAB 40 kN

FBC 50 kN

Fig. 1.4 Free-body diagram of booms joint B and

associated force triangle.

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at the ends of the members
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
Fig. 1.5 Free-body diagrams of two-force
members AB and BC.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Analysis

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load

if rod BC has a diameter of 20 mm?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

dBC = 20 mm
Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.

At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
P
50 103 N
BC
159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
all 165 MPa
Fig. 1.7 Axial force represents the
resultant of distributed elementary forces.

Conclusion: the strength of member BC is

adequate

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Design

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Design of new structures requires selection of

appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P
all
A
d2
A
4
Fig. 1.1 Boom used to support a 30-kN load.

all

50 103 N
100 106 Pa

500 10 6 m 2

4A
4 500 10 6 m 2
d

2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm

An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
Fig. 1.9 Small area A, at an arbitrary cross
section point carries/axial F in this member.

F
A0 A

lim

ave

P
A

The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A

Fig. 1.10 Stress distributions at different

sections along axially loaded member.

The actual distribution of stresses is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Centric & Eccentric Loading

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

A uniform distribution of stress in a section

infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

Fig. 1.12 Centric loading having resultant forces

passing through the centroid of the section.

A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the line of action of the
concentrated loads P and P passes through
the centroid of the section considered. This is
referred to as centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.

Fig. 1.13 An example of simple eccentric loading.

The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Stress

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Forces P and P are applied transversely to the

member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
Fig. 1.14 Opposing transverse loads creating
shear on member AB.

The resultant of the internal shear force

distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave

P
A

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
Fig. 1.15 This shows the resulting internal shear
force on a section between transverse forces.

The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to

be uniform.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Double Shear

Fig. 1.16 Bolt subject to single shear.

Fig. 1.18 Bolt subject to double shear.

Fig. 1.17 (a) Diagram of bolt in single shear;

(b) section E-E of the bolt

Fig. 1.19 (a) Diagram of bolt in double shear;

(b) section K-K and L-L of the bolt.

ave

P F

A A

ave

P F

A 2A

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bearing Stress in Connections

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.

Fig. 1.20 Equal and opposite forces between

plate and bolt, exerted over bearing surfaces.

The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b

P P

A td

Fig. 1.21 Dimensions for calculating bearing stress area.

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Stress Analysis & Design Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
Fig. 1.22 Components of boom used to support 30 kN load.

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is
BC = +159 MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P
50 103 N
BC ,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
Fig. 1.22 (partial)

The boom is in compression with an axial force of

40 kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The sections of minimum area at A and B are not under
stress, since the boom is in compression, and therefore
pushes on the pins.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Shearing Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,

and C,
25 mm
A r

Fig. 1.23 Diagrams of the single shear pin at C.

491 10 6 m 2

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P
50 103 N
C , ave
102 MPa

6
2
A 49110 m

The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
A, ave
Fig. 1.24 Free-body diagrams of the double shear pin at A.

P
20 kN

40.7 MPa

6
2
A 49110 m

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Shearing Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine

the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
B, ave

PG
25 kN

50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

Fig. 1.25 Free-body diagrams for various sections at pin B.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pin Bearing Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

Fig. 1.22 (partial)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress in Two Force Members

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

Fig. 1.26 Axial forces on a two-force member. (a) Section

plane perpendicular to member away from load application.
(b) Equivalent force diagram models of resultant force acting
at centroid and uniform normal stress.

Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
Axial or transverse forces may
produce both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other than one
cut perpendicular to the member axis.

Fig. 1.27 (a) Diagram of a bolt from a single shear joint with
a section plane normal to the bolt. (b) Equivalent force
diagram model of the resultant force acting at the section
centroid and the uniform average shear stress.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress on an Oblique Plane

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Pass a section through the member forming

an angle with the normal plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos

V P sin

The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are

(a)

Fig. 1.28 Oblique section through a two-force member.

Section plane made at an angle to the member normal plane, (b)
Free-body diagram of left section with internal resultant force P. (c)
Free-body diagram of resultant force resolved into components F and
V along the section planes normal and tangential directions,

respectively. (d) Free-body diagram with equivalent as normal stress,

, and shearing stress, .

F
P cos
P

cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P

sin cos
A A0
A0
cos

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Maximum Stresses

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique

plane

P
P
cos 2 sin cos
A0
A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
m

P
A0

The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
m

P
P
sin 45 cos 45

A0
2 A0

Fig. 1.29 Selected stress results for axial loading.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

Fig. 1.30 Multiple loads on a general body.

The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A

xy lim

A 0

Fig. 1.31 (a) Resultant shear and normal forces, Vx and

Fx, acting on small area A at point Q. (b) Forces on A
resolved into force in coordinate directions.

V yx
A

Vzx
xz lim
A0 A

For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
State of Stress

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Stress components are defined for the planes

cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.

Fig. 1.35 Positive resultant forces on a small element at

point Q resulting from a state of general stress.

The combination of forces generated by the

stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx M y Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy A a yx A a
xy yx
similarly, yz zy

Fig. 1.36 Free-body diagram of small element at Q

viewed on projected plane perpendicular to z-axis.
Resultant forces on positive and negative z faces (not
shown) act through the z-axis, thus do not contribute
to the moment about that axis.

and yz zy

Only six components of stress are required to

define the complete state of stress

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Seventh Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
FS

u
ultimate stress

all allowable stress

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek Sanghi

Factor of safety considerations:

uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function

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