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Research Ethics

reaerch ethics

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195 views33 pages

Research Ethics

reaerch ethics

Uploaded by

savisu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Research Ethics

Geetha Manivasagam
Prof .
School for Mechanical and Building
Sciences
VIT
Based on the lecture series of Leonard V. Interrante
Editor-in-chief, Chemistry of Materials
JANUARY 2012 | VOL 481 | NATURE
The Hindu-26-1-12
2nd world congress on Research integrity 2010

Research Ethics

In choosing the topic


In the organization of the work
Carrying out the experimental works
Team working- Maintaining integrity
Publishing papers

Cheating science-Editorial
column The Hindu - 26-112

Fraud in the papers retracted by


Science in 2004-2005 South Korean
H.W Woo-Suk in stem cell research
British Journal Survey-2,800 Doctors
and medical revealed that 13% of
respondents claimed to have first
have first hand information on FFP

Research Ethics
Part I. Sharing Scientific Knowledge
Research publication
Authorship and collaborative Research
Scientific Misconduct Falsification, Fabrication,
Plagiarism (FFP) & Questionable research
practices (QRP)
Examples of scientific misconduct in literature
Part II Laboratory Practice
Practices of Image and Data Manipulation
Data Ownership & Intellectual Property Guidelines
Govt. vs. Industry Sponsored Research
Sharing the data in thesis

Example: Broad-Scope Best


Practices
Do no harm
Maintain the integrity of your researchMinimize

introduction of unwanted variation into research results


Enhance technique/competency

Behave honorably (maintain trust)


Report misconductDuty to profession and public;
an honor code("We Will Not Lie, Steal Or Cheat,
Nor Tolerate Among Us Anyone Who Does )

Speak openly (courageous conversations-a duty in the


culture of science? To have a voice in important
decisions that affect research outcomes)

Why Publish?
The object of research is to extend human
knowledge beyond what is already known.
But an individuals knowledge enters the
domain of science only after it is presented
to
others in such a fashion that they can
independently judge its validity
( On Being a Scientist 1995)

Why publish?
A paper is an organized description of
hypotheses, data and conclusions,
intended
to instruct the reader.
If your research does not generate papers,
it might just as well not have been done
(G. Whitesides, Adv. Mater., 2004, 16, 1375)
if it wasnt published, it wasnt
done - in
E.H. Miller 1993

Publishing a team effort

ACS Journals:http://pubs.acs.org/about.html

Authors Responsibility
The list of authors establishes accountability as well as
credit.
Who all can be authors?
1. direct and substantial intellectual contribution to
the design
of the research,
2. the interpretation of the data,

3. drafting of the paper.


Who can be acknowledged?
1. who indirectly contributed to the work.
Including honorary, guest, or gift authors
dilutes the credit due the people who actually did
the work, inflates the credentials of the added
authors !!!

Guide lines for the Preparation


of the manuscript and
submission

Ensure work is new and original research


All Authors are aware of submission and
agree with content and support
submission
Agree that the manuscript can be
examined by anonymous reviewers.
Provide copies of related work submitted
or published elsewhere
Obtain copyright permission if
figures/tables need to be reproduced
Include proper affiliation..

Work that can be easily


publishable
Papers that report original and significant
findings that are likely to be of interest to a
broad spectrum of its readers
Papers that are well organized and well
written
Which incorporates clear statements
regarding how the findings relate to and
advance the understanding/development of the
subject
Papers that are concise and yet complete in
their presentation of the findings

Articles which are commonly


rejected
Papers that are routine extensions of
previous reports and that do not add any
fundamental understanding or knowledge in
the area
Poorly organized, papers cluttered with
unnecessary or poor quality illustrations
Violations of ethical guidelines,
including plagiarism of any type or
degree (of others or of oneself) and
questionable research practices (QRP)

What is research
Misconduct?
Fabrication : cooking up data or results
and recording or reporting them.
Falsification : is manipulating research
materials, equipment, or processes, or
changing or omitting data or results such
that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.
Plagiarism: is the appropriation of another
person's ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.
Research misconduct does not include
honest error or differences of opinion !

Citations

Read the work before you cite


Important to cite the work
correctly and completely

What is meant by
Plagiarism?
Plagiarism: using the ideas or words of
another person without giving appropriate
credit (Nat. Acad. Press document)
Self-Plagiarism: The verbatim copying or
reuse of ones own research (IEEE Policy
statement)
Both types of plagiarism are considered
to be
unacceptable practice in scientific
literature!

China and Japan, have estimated duplication rates


that are roughly twice that expected for the number
of publications they contribute to Medline.
Reasons : the complexity of translation between
different scripts, differences in ethics training and
cultural norms contribute to elevated duplication

Other ethical violations


Duplicate publication/submission of
research findings; failure to inform the
editor of related papers that the author
has under consideration or in press
Unrevealed conflicts of interest that could
affect the interpretation of the findings
Misrepresentation of research findings use of
selective or fraudulent data to support
hypothesis or claim

Massive fraud

Plagiarism.org
What Is plagiarism
Education tips on plagiarism
prevention
Type of plagiarism
How do I cite sources?
What is citation?

When it starts?
Plagiarism starts at UG level
Assignments
A good scientific writing requires a
solid command of the language
knowledge domain in question,
importantly, a considerable amount
of time and effort.

When it starts>
A study by The Center for Academic Integrity foun
d that almost 80% of college students admit to ch
eating at least once.
A poll conducted by US News and World Reports f
ound that
90% of students believe that cheaters are either
never caught or have never been appropriately dis
ciplined.
The State of Americans: This Generation and the N
ext (Free Press, July 1996) states that 58.3% of
high school students let someone else copy their
work in 1969, and 97.5% did so in 1989.

Plagiarism Hunter
In Ohio University's Library, Thomas A. Matrka found 16
chemical-engineering master's theses on "multiphase flow.
consisting.
Turning a few more pages, he confirms what he
suspected..
Most of the plagiarism found at Ohio occurred in introductory
chapters describing research methods and reviewing the
previous literature in the field, for which there is little
expectation of originality.
And all but a few cases involved international students
who, he says, whether through ignorance, laziness, or
cultural misunderstanding, may have either not known
correct citation practices or, struggling to write in a
foreign language, been tempted to borrow another
student's words.

Ref: Google .images,

JANUARY 2012 | VOL 481 | NATURE


HAROLD GARNER -Founder of HelioText, and
creator of eTBLAST plagiarism-detection
software

Tools available for detection


Perhaps the most popular programs are
iParadigms Ithenticate(
http://ithenticate.com/)
and TurnItIns originality checking
(http://turnitin.com/),
which recently partnered with CrossRef
(http://www.crossref.org/) to create
CrossCheck, a new service for verifying
the originality of scholarly content.

Your Ph.D!
IT IS YOUR PhD.
IF YOU DO NOT TAKE INTEREST OR PUT
HARD WORK INTO IT, NOBODY ELSE WILL!!
Note: You are a researcher and not a
technician.
The role of your advisor is it guide you
through your project and help you succeed in
your thesis
Dont expect him/her to suggest to you
experiments on a daily basis.
Get serious and take responsibility for your
own project.

Guidelines

Complete all departmental requirements within two years


By the end of second year, you should be able to construct a
broad outline of research that you would like to pursue
The third year is the springboard to explore various facets of your
project. You should aim to publish at least one paper (with you as
the
first author) by third year.
Complete your planned experiments during the fourth and fifth years
Plan on publishing 3-4 papers in high impact journals (with you as the
first
author in at least 1or 2 papers).
Note: Each paper can serve as the basis for writing a chapter in your
thesis.
Discuss the plan for writing your thesis with your advisor.
Plan to submit the thesis during the third /fourth year.

This is an exciting time in your career.


Make it a worthwhile effort.

Take home message


Research Ethics is an integral part of
graduate research.
STATEMENTS, FIGURES AND TABLES
Reproduced in a Report, Presentation and/or
Paper require proper citation.
Published work is protected by Copyright Law
Copyright permission is necessary if you are
reproducing your work in another publication
(This applies even if it is your own work)
See youtube
http://pubs.acs.org/page/publish-research/episod
e-5.html
for more understanding

Guidelines For Authors and


Scientists

Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research (ACS Pubs.


Div.)http://pubs.acs.org/userimages/ContentEditor/1218054
468605/ethics.pdf
On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research; National
Academy Press, Wash. D.C, 2009
(http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12192.html )
IEEE Policy Statement on Self-Plagiarism

(http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/jrnal/transcom/Self_Plagiaris
m.pdf)
Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A Guidance
Document
for Editors, January 2000, Office of Research Integrity, Office of
Public Health and Science, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
http://ori.dhhs.gov

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