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From Subnetting To VLSM: by B Pavan Kumar

This document discusses VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) and how it allows more efficient use of IP address space. VLSM allows different subnet masks to be used within the same network, so smaller subnets can be created for networks that need fewer addresses while using larger subnets elsewhere. This helps avoid wasting addresses and reduces routing table sizes. The document provides examples of how to implement VLSM by subnetting subnets at different CIDR bitlengths to allocate address space based on network needs.

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116 views

From Subnetting To VLSM: by B Pavan Kumar

This document discusses VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) and how it allows more efficient use of IP address space. VLSM allows different subnet masks to be used within the same network, so smaller subnets can be created for networks that need fewer addresses while using larger subnets elsewhere. This helps avoid wasting addresses and reduces routing table sizes. The document provides examples of how to implement VLSM by subnetting subnets at different CIDR bitlengths to allocate address space based on network needs.

Uploaded by

u2bpavankumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

From Subnetting

to VLSM

by
B Pavan Kumar
Agenda
 Classful vs. Classless Routing
 VLSM Explained
 Why VLSM
Classful vs Classless Routing
 Classful routing assigns address space based on the
value in the first octet of the 32-bit IP address
 RFC Number 791 (760)
 Class based on value in first octet value
 Receiving router ands subnet mask to determine
subnet
 Class A 0-126
 Class B 128-191
 Class C 192-223
 Classless routing ignores classes and uses a CIDR value
(number of 1s in network mask) to identify the network
 CIDR transmitted as part of IP address – RFC 1517-
1520
 Network portion not restricted to entire octet
Classless Routing
Address Space Issues

 Class A and Class B = 75% address space


 < 17000 organizations can be assigned

address
 Class C = 12.5% available address space
 Each network limited to 254 maximum hosts

 Potential routing problems

 Too many network addresses in routing

table
 Extra work for CPU; more memory

required
Private Addressing
RFC 1918

 Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255


 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
 Used to extend life of IPv4 addressing

 Note: Do not mix private and public IP

address in same network – it will create


discontiguous subnets which causes
problems
Classless Routing
 Another method used to extend the life of IPv4
 Temporary solution to deal with lack of network
numbers
 Uses bit mask (NOT 1st octet value) to determine
network portion of address
 Uses CIDR to summarize routing information; CIDR
transmitted with IP address
 Enables the use of supernets and/or route
aggregation and summarization
 Smaller routing tables
 Reduced router memory requirements
 Reduced number of CPU cycles for routing
processes
Routing Protocols
 Classful – can’t send subnet information in
updates
 RipV1, IGRP, EGP, BGP3 – also can’t support
discontiguous subnets
 Classless
 Sends CIDR in updates sent via multicasting
 Can authenticate
 RipV2 (RFC 1058), EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP4
 RIPV2 and EIGRP automatically summarize at
classful boundary unless you configure differently
 RouterA (config-router) no auto-summary
VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Masking

 Subnets a subnet
 Can support multiple contiguous
routes
 Can use more than one subnet mask
for address space allocated to a firm
 Makes more efficient use of available
address space
 Creates two-host subnets for serial links
Why Not IPv6?
128-bit address space

 Slow to arrive
 IPv4 revitalized with new features
 VLSM, NAT/PAT, IP unnumbered, private
addresses
 Not supported by legacy systems
 Requires new software (and
hardware)
 Requires retraining
Zero Subnet (Ones too?)
 Zero subnet
 IOS 12.X and higher supports by default

 Configure pre-12.x IOS routers

 RouterA(config) IP subnet-zero

 DO Use it to increase address space available

 Ones subnet
 Defined in RFC 1878

 Can use it; however can cause problems

 Avoid using unless you absolutely need it


Route Aggregation Example 1
 Assume you are using three Class B private
addresses
 172.16.0.0 10101100.000100 00.0.0
 172.17.0.0 10101100.000100 01.0.0
 172.18.0.0 10101100.000100 10.0.0
 Common bits are 10111000.0001
 8 bits in first octet + 6 bits in second octet = 14
 CIDR is 14
 Insulates upstream routers from route
flapping problems (serial link problem)
Route Aggregation Example 2
 Assume you are using three Class A
private addresses
 10.20.0.0 00001010.000101 00.0.0
 10.21.0.0 00001010.000101 01.0.0
 10.22.0.0 00001010.000101 10.0.0
 Common bits are 00001010.000101
 8 bits in first octet + 6 bits in second
octet = 14
 CIDR is 14
Supernet Example 1
 Company assigned 4 contiguous Class C networks
 200.10.10.0
11001000.00001010.00001010.0
 200.10.11.0
11001000.00001010.00001011.0
 200.10.12.0
11001000.00001010.00001100.0
 200.10.13.0
11001000.00001010.00001101.0
 Summarize on common bits = 21
 Appears in routing table as 200.10.10.0/21
Supernet Example 2
 Company assigned 4 contiguous Class C networks
 200.10.101.0
11001000.00001010.11001001.0
 200.10.102.0
11001000.00001010.11001010.0
 200.10.103.0
11001000.00001010.11001011.0
 200.10.104.0
11001000.00001010.11001100.0
 Summarize on common bits = 21
 Appears in routing table as 200.10.101.0/21
Network Subnet Example
 128.1.0.0/16 is assigned IP address
 130 subnets needed
 Requires use of third octet for subnet
values
 1,2,3,4, …., 254
 Each subnet can support 254 hosts
 Each serial connection will use a subnet
and waste 252 address spaces
Network Subnet Example
 Assigned IP address is 128.1.0.0
 Scenario - 130 subnets needed and 20
serial connections used now
 Requires use of third octet for subnets
 128.1.0.0 to 128.1.254.0, subnet mask
255.255.255.0 or CIDR 24
 Each subnet can support 254 hosts
 To use an entire subnet for a serial
connection would waste 252 address
spaces and we have 20 now – SO…..
Network Subnet Example
Subnet the Subnet

 Use subnets 128.1.0.0 to 128.1.129.0


for needed subnets with a CIDR of 24
 Subnet subnet 128.1.130.0 using CIDR
30
 128.1.130.0/30
 128.1.130.4/30
 128.1.130.8/30
 ………………..
 128.1.130.252/30
Network 2 Subnet Example
 A Network address of 200.10.20.0 is assigned
 Subnet with a CIDR of 26
 200.10.20.0, 200.10.20.64 (62 hosts)

 Subnet subnet 128 with a CIDR of 28


 200.10.20.128, 200.10.20.144,

200.10.20.160 (14 hosts)


 Subnet subnet 200.10.20.176 with a CIDR of 30
 200.10.20.176, 200.10.20.180,

200.10.20.184 (2 hosts)
 Can summarize (aggregate) on
 200.10.20.0/26
Using VLSM
 Variable Length Subnet Masking – allows division
of address space based on the size of networks
 Start with network requiring the most
addresses
 Create a subnet mask (use CIDR – Classless
InterDomain Routing – number)
 Subnet the subnet as needed to provide
address space required for other subnets
 Be logical – start at beginning or end or

address space
 Addresses must be contiguous to enable

route summarization

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