Waste management

What is Waste???
Why we manage it?????

Definition of Waste:
Waste is any discarded material that considered no
longer useful in the economy
Waste can be classified by multitude of schemes :
Physical state (solid ,liquid)
Origin ( domestic ,commercial ,agricultural, industrial
etc,) or
Safety level ( hazardous, non-hazardous ) and the like.

Hazardous Waste
A Hazardous waste is a particular class of
waste (which can be either solid or liquid)
that can pose a substantial threat or potential
hazard to human health or the environment if
improperly managed.
Any waste that generally exhibits one or more
of (flammability, corrosivity, reactivity,
toxicity, Infectivity, Radioactivity)
3

Flammability/Ignitability
Waste that burns or explodes with application of any
source of heat
Waste with high ignitable potential
Have flashpoint <60 oc
e.g. petroleum waste, cleaning solvents
Ignitable
Hazardous Waste
4

Corrosive hazardous waste

Waste that cause skin& mucosa membrane damages :
burns, erosions, dissolves or corrodes metal surface
Have PH value of 2.5 and 12.5 at normal room
temperature
E . g -acids sludge, battery acid wastes
Corrosive
hazardous waste

Reactive
React violently with water with the formation toxic
fumes, gases or aerosols
Waste containing unstable chemicals
E.g. cyanide planting wastes,
wastes containing strong oxidizers ( ozone,
chlorine, peroxide,...)

Reactive hazardous
waste
6

Toxicity
Likely to produce mass acute and chronic
poisoning ; long term health effect
(teratogenicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity)

Toxic
hazardous
waste

Infectivity
With potential cause for infectious disease
E . g Infectious health care wastes
Radioactivity - containing radioactive elements
Mainly from biomedical & research institutes.

Solid Waste
management

Definition of terms
Refuse : It is a general name given to all solid
wastes. It includes all putrescible (decomposed
rapidly by bacteria) and non putrescible (non
decomposable) wastes
Garbage: Putrescible wastes resulting from the
growing, handling, processing, cooking

and

consumption of food
10

Definition of terms
Rubbish: represents all non-putrescible wastes
except ash
There are two categories of rubbish:
A. Combustible:- organic in nature and
includes items such as paper, cardboard, wood
yard clippings, bedding, plastics, etc.
B. Non-combustible: - are inorganic materials,
which include metals, glass, ceramics, etc.
11

Definition of terms
Ashes: an incombustible material that remains
after a fuel or solid waste has been burnt
Infectious wastes : are wastes that contain or
carry

pathogenic organisms in part or in

whole such as wastes from hospitals, and

biological laboratories soiled with blood or
bodily fluids
12

Sources:
From residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Agriculture

13

Why does this Waste Matter?

Solid waste may:
Carry pathogenic organisms(or creates
favorable condition for medical important
insects & Rodents)
Cause injury (e.g sharps)
Fire potential
Decrease in the aesthetic quality of the
environment, etc.,
14

Solid Waste management

Who are responsible for Solid Waste
management????

15

Solid Waste
management

Several SW management practices

prevent or divert materials from the
waste stream
Source Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Composting
Incinerating
Landfills
16

Disposal method
Open Dump
- unsanitary method
Incineration
Sanitary Landfill

17

Layer of compacted trash covered

with a layer of earth once a day and
a thicker layer when the site is full
18

Liquid Waste management

19

Definitions

Sewage: human excreta, urine, and sullage

Sullage: is a liquid waste without excreta and
urine(waste from household sinks, showers, and
baths, but not toilets)
Sewer: Pipe or conduit which is normally
closed for carrying sewage

20

 Sewerage (sewerage system): The organized network

of drainage system used to remove or dispose sewage.

Influent: Liquid waste that flows in to septic tank or

any other treatment technologies

Effluent: Liquid waste that flows out of septic tank or

any other treatment technologies.

.
21

Objectives of proper human waste

disposal
To prevent contamination of soil and water
sources
To prevent accessibility of flies and other
animals to human waste
To eliminate bad odor
Generally to break disease transmission
cycle
22

Routes of disease transmission

.

F-diagram: Route of faecal-oral

contamination

23

Break route of faecal-oral disease

transmission
L
A
T
R
I
N
E

Feces

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N
&
U
S
E

water

soil

Flies

Fingers

S
A
F
E
&
A
D
E
Q
U
A
T
E
W
A
T
E
R
/
H
Y
G
I
E
N
E

F
O
O
D
Food

H
Y
G
I
E
N
E

Host

24

Common excreta disposal systems

There are two methods of excreta disposal
- Non- water carriage
- drop and store system

- Water carriage
- drop and flush system
Non water carriage system of excreta disposal is a
system which normally does not have any
sewerage system to transport wastes
E.g. Pit latrines, chemical toilet, trench latrine,
compost latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine.
25

Pit latrines
Commonly used system of excreta disposal in
many parts of the world including rural areas of
developed countries
also called traditional pit latrine
the cheapest and the most common system
The common pit latrine usually consists of
A hole dug in the ground
Covering slab and
Some sort of structure built for privacy
26

27

Advantages of pit latrine

If properly constructed, maintained and used,
it will satisfy the basic objectives of correct
excreta disposal methods.
Reasonably easy to construct a pit latrine with
locally available tools
Minimal water requirement
Use of all types of anal cleansing material
may be used
28

Disadvantage
Normally can not be constructed in places
where the ground formation is to rocky for
digging
Smell problem
Potential for ground water pollution

29

Ventilated improved pit latrine /VIPL

The modern version of pit latrine
Both odor and flies problems eliminated by he
action of vent pipe.
Is a privy which is ventilated by a pipe
extending above the latrine roof, with flyproof netting across the top, which is called
vent pipe.
Is more common in urban setting
30

31

Component parts
Pit
Slab
the super structure
vent pipe and fly screen

32

Advantages
Control of flies and absence of smell
Need no water for operation
Easy for construction and maintenance
Disadvantages
Extra cost of providing vent pipe
Need to keep interior dark
Needs occasional checking of the fly proof netting

33

Trench latrine

Constructed
usually
for
emergency such as naturally
disaster and war.
It is a temporary installation,
which is long , and a shallow pit
having across section of not more
than 40cm depth and 40cm width.
34

Chemical toilet
Here chemicals are used to liquefied,
deodorized, sterilized or disinfecting the
faeces.
The chemical, which is mainly used in
this particular toilet, is NaOH ( caustic
soda )
Feasible where other methods are
impractical and mostly used in aircraft,
boats, ships, trains e.t.c

35

Water carriage system

A system in which the excreta are deposited directly in
to a properly constructed sanitary fitting and then
immediately carried away by water through a
network of piping called drains and sewers to the final
disposal site.
Directly connected to sewerage system
A large quantity of water under pressure is used to
remove the excreta from dwellings.

36

Drop and flush system

Pour flush latrine
Also called water seal latrine
Three main parts
- Super structure
- Latrine pan with integral water seal
- pit
37

The principal merit of using pour flush latrine

Can be installed inside home
Odor and insect control is excellent
Easy and safe used by children
Demerit
Expensive
Requires at least 4 liters of water per day
Bulky and anal cleansing materials are not used
38

Individual containment and treatment system

Septic tanks
Are small rectangular chamber, usually sited just below
ground level, in which house hold wastewater is
retained for 1-3 days.
A water tight container in to which raw sewage is
discharged and retained there in a predetermined
period, during which the sewage gets partial
treatment.
it has become the standardized method for the treatment
and disposal of sewage for
- Individual house holds
- Institutions such as schools, hotels, hospitals etc
39

Cesspool
Is a pit dug in the ground in order to receive raw
sewage, from which the liquid portion seeps or
leaches off in to the surrounding soil, while the
solid component is retained in the pit
If the system is fail to function ( no seepage or
percolation) because of clogging or over
saturation the content of the cesspool overflow to
the ground surface causing nuisance and health
hazards.

40

Soak pits
A soak pits in its simplest form is a hole
dug in the ground filled with stone , broken
bricks etc. to receive any liquid effluent
from septic tank, kitchen, or lavatory.
The space b/n the stone or brick may be
clogged with grease

41

Health care Waste

42

Definitions of Waste
Health care waste
All types of waste from all health care activities
Hazardous health care waste
Waste that presents a health hazard of some kind
Note: Most health care waste is no more hazardous
than household waste

43

Hazardous Health Care Waste

Infectious hazard:
Anatomic waste
Laboratory cultures
Sharps

Corrosive, teratogenic
hazard:
Heavy metals
Pesticides
Cleaning products
Mercury
Cancer therapy
44

Why does this Waste Matter?

Health care waste may:
Contain infectious organisms, including drug
resistant ones
Place cancer causing agents into air or ground
water
Cause radiation-related illnesses
Cause injury (sharps, explosion)
Cause congenital defects or stillbirth,
prematurity, infertility
45

Who are at Risk?

Health professionals
Supportive staff
Cleaning staff
General public

46

Common Hazards

Anesthetic gases
Formaldehyde/formalin
Cancer therapeutic agents
Ethylene Oxide
Radiation
Asbestos
Blood contaminated
sharps

Solvents (xylene, toluene,

acetone, ethanol)
Pesticides,
Heavy metals (mercury,
chronium, cobalt,
cadmium, arsenic, lead)

47

Steps to Manage Hazardous Wastes

before Disposal
1. Know what hazards
you have
2. Purchase smallest
quantity needed, and
dont purchase
hazardous materials if
safe alternative exists
**Use mercury-free thermometers
48

Steps to Manage Hazardous Wastes

(contd)
3. Limit use and access
to trained persons
with personal
protective gear

Slide 49

4. Use Engineering Controls such as

Ventilation

50

5. Label with Agent, Concentration

and
Hazard Warnings
Examples of hazard labels:

51

6. Communicate about Workplace

Hazards

Posters on doors
Labels on hazards

7. Recycle Products When Possible

53

Waste Disposal Options

Disinfection Autoclaving/ Microwaving,
treatment,
Burial
Incineration
Managed Land-fill

54

Because no Disposal Method is Easy

or Completely Safe
Prevention is best!
Eliminate by buying safer alternatives
Recycle
Use smallest quantities possible, use with
engineering controls and Personal Protective
Equipment
Segregate hazards into separate waste streams at
source

55