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HTS Motors

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166 views18 pages

HTS Motors

Uploaded by

TGrey027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HIGH TEMPERATURE

SUPERCONDUCTING
MOTORS

INTRODUCTION
According to the US Department of Energy, motors account for 70%
of all energy consumed by the domestic manufacturing sector and
use over 55% of the total electric energy generated in America.
Large electric motors, those greater than 1000 horsepower,
consume over 30% of the total generated electric energy and 70%
of these motors are suited to utilize high temperature
superconductor (HTS) technology. Nearly all cruise ships today are
being built with electric propulsion, and many other types of
commercial vessels and warships are adopting marine motors as
their primary source of motive power.
Superconducting materials significantly reduces electrical energy
loss as well as producing a reduction in size and weight of power
components and machinery. These HTS conductors operate at
higher temperatures (between 25K and 77K) that simplify the
refrigeration-cooling systems.

SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES

HTSC wire Generation 1


Wire size
: 5mm X 0.5mm
Current
: Upto 190A at 77K
self-field
HTSC wire Generation 2
Wire size
: 5mm X 0.25mm
Current
: Upto 120A at 77K
self-field
Note : with same x- section

Comparison of HTS Motor with Conventional


motor
For comparison, consider
a 200kW HTSC motor with

Paramet
er

following
specification
Power
: 200 KW
Speed : 250 RPM
Stator : Air Cooled Copper
Winding
Rotor : He Cooled HTSC
200Winding
kW
200 kW
250 RPM 250 RPM
Conventi
HTSC
onal
Motor
Motor

Overall
Diamete
r

0.5 D

Overall
Length

0.8L

Motor
Weight

0.3W Conventional Motor

Efficienc

1.2 Y

HTSC Motor

TOPOLOGY OF SC MOTORS
Two popular types of electric rotating machines are synchronous and
induction. A synchronous rotating machine has two windings: an AC
winding located in the stator and a DC windings located on the rotor. An
induction motor has a squirrel cage or three-phase wound winding on the
rotor. The rotor winding carries AC at slip frequency; the rotor frequency
is equal to the line frequency when the slip is equal to 1 (rotor stationary)
and the slip frequency (typically <5% of the line frequency) when the
motor is operating at its normal speed.
Induction motor are very popular in industry for lower rating (<500hp),
but synchronous motors are preferred in larger sizes both in industry and
on ships. Moreover induction motor windings, both on rotor and stator,
experience AC currents and are therefore not good candidates for
superconductor windings. Losses are negligible only when the motor
carries DC.

Figure 1. Configuration of a typical synchronous machine employing superconducting


field winding on the rotor (Courtesy of American Superconductor Corporation)

The figure shows a typical AC


synchronous machine with
superconducting field winding
rotating.

The rotating HTS field winding creates a magnetic field in the copper
armature winding. The magnitude of this field is typically twice that of
conventional motor. The HTS motor has an air-core (i.e., nonmagnetic)
construction on rotor and non-metallic teeth in the stator, which
enables the air-gap field to be increased without the core loss and
saturation problems inherent in laminated iron stator and rotor cores.
The copper armature winding lies just outside the air gap. In some
applications it is embedded in nonmetallic teeth to provide mechanical
support.

Under steady-state operation, the


rotor spins in synchronization with
rotating field creates by the threephase armature currents, and the
superconducting
field
winding
experiences only DC magnetic
fields.
Under
load
or
source
transients,
however,
the
rotor
moves with respect to the armaturecreated fields, and it experiences AC
field harmonics. An electromagnetic
(EM) warm shield located between
the HTS coils and the stator winding
shields the HTS field winding from
these AC fields
Inside the warm shield is a thermal insulation space (vacuum) that
surroundings the rotor cryostat. The cold EM shield (if employed) is on
the inside surface of this vacuum space and is a high-conductivity shell
near operating temperature of the superconducting coils are located
within the inner EM shield on a nonmagnetic support structure.

A refrigeration system, which uses cold


circulating helium gas (or other
suitable gas) in a closed loop,
maintains the HTS field winding at
cryogenic temperature. Helium gas is
circulated through cooling channels
located inside the rotor. The closed
cooling loop runs from the turning rotor
body to externally located, stationary
refrigerator system utilizing GiffordMcMahon (G-M) cold heads.
As the stator winding bore surface experiences a high magnetic field
that would saturate the iron teeth , the superconducting motors stator
armature (copper) winding does not employ iron teeth and is typically
designed with class F insulation(155C maximum operation).
To reduce eddy-current losses, the stator coils employ copper Litz
conductor, which is made up of small-diameter insulate and
transposed wire stands. The back EMF in air-gap stator windings is
nearly a pure sine wave and observed in the conventional machines.

Superconducting Field Windings and Its Cooling


System
Because of the flat geometry for
1G and 2G wires, pancake-or layer-type coils
appear to the best building block for constructing the field winding. Windings
are cooled by conduction; that is, the winding heat load is conducted to a
cold member, which in turn is cooled with a suitable cryogen that interfaces
between rotating field winding and stationary refrigerators.
In a pancake construction technique, each pancake coil is individually
constructed and epoxy impregnated. Necessary member of coils is then
assembled to create a field winding pole as shown in figure. Once all the
poles are assembled on the rotor, they are enclosed in a cryostat to maintain
the cryogenic environment for their operation.

Figure 3 Field winding pole constructed by stacking pancake-type coils (Courtesy of American
Superconducting Corporation)

Torque Tubes :-Superconducting windings experience the full rated torque


of a machine. This torque in superconducting windings must be transferred to
a warm shaft that interfaces with the power source (prime mover) for
generators and with loads for motors. The torque tube transfers torque while
minimizing heat conduction form the room-temperature shaft to the
cryogenic environment on the rotor. Torque tube used successfully in recent
HTS machines were made of both metallic and nonmetallic materials.

Current Leads:- The superconducting field winding must be supplied with


DC from room-temperature power sources. Any thermal load conducted down
leads must be removed by the refrigeration system. Usually current leads are
made from brass or bronze. The cross section of a lead is optimally varied
between the room-temperature and the cryogenic temperature end points.
An optimally designed lead has thermal conduction equal to the loss in it.

Cryostat:-The

superconducting field winding in its cryogenic


environment must be protected from the heat radiated and conducted from
room-temperature environment. Extra care is warranted because the cryostat
rotates in a machine. The space between the warm and cold walls of a
cryostat is usually evacuated and filled with multi-layer insulation (MLI).

Most of the HTS machines prototyped so far use G-M cooler which can
supply 100W of cooling power at 30K. employs gaseous helium as a
working fluid to transport heat from HTS windings to the cryocoolers.
A cooling system built by AMSC for the 5-MW, 230-RPM motor is
shown in figure.
The coolant is passed on to the rotor through a rotating coupling,
which allows the inflow and outflow of coolant.

Slow speed synchronous machines :- are of interest for ship


propulsion motors, hydroelectric generators, and wind turbine generators.
Such machines operate at speeds ranging from 10 to 200RPM. Because of
their low speed, such machines have the characteristics of very high torque
and large size and weight. Their superconducting field windings can generate
a large magnetic field in the armature region, which helps in reducing the
size and weight of such machines. Lighter and more compact subsystems
capable of fitting on ships that have very constricted space were sought.

Conventional Motor

HTSC Motor

HTS propulsion motors -Advantages


Up to four times higher torque density than
alternative technologies, HTS machines are
more compact and lighter in weight, allowing
for arrangement flexibility in the ship.
Absence of iron stator teeth reduces the
structure-borne noise.
High efficiency from full to low speed can boost
the key mission parameters for ships, such as
fuel economy, sustained speed, and mission
range.
Isothermal field windings are well suited for
repeated load changes.
Operating at unity power factor
electric drive rating and cost.

lower s the

5MW HTSC MOTOR ON TEST BED Two generators for


loading the 5MW motor
Source : AMSC, USA website

ABB Marine
2 x 19.5 MW Azipod
propulsion

Highly improved
maneuverability ABB Marine

Thank You

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