CDMA Mobile Communication & IS-95

Most of the slides are stolen from Prof.

Abhay Karandikars lecture

Spread Spectrum Priniciples

Does

not attempt to allocate disjoint frequency or

time slot resources
Instead, this approach allocates all resources to
simultaneous users, controlling the power transmitted
by each user to the minimum required to maintain a
given SNR

Each

user employs a noise-like wideband signal

occupying the entire frequency allocation
Each user contributes to the background noise
affecting all users, but to the least extent
possible.
2

Spread Spectrum Priniciples

This

restriction on interference limits capacity, but

because time and bandwidth resource
allocations are unrestricted, the resulting
capacity is significantly higher than the
conventional system

Spread Spectrum Priniciples

Suppose

each user use a wideband Gaussian

noise carrier
Suppose each users transmission is controlled
so that all signals received at the BS are of equal
power
Let Ps be the power of each user, and the
background noise be negligible.
Then the total interference power, I, presented to
each users demodulator is
I = (K-1) Ps

(1) where K is the number of users

Spread Spectrum Priniciples

Lets

say demodulator of each user

operates at bit-energy-to-noise-density
level of Eb/N0.
So the noise density received by each
users demodulator is N0 = I/W (2), where
W Hz is the bandwidth of the wideband
noise carriers
The received energy per bit is the received
signal power divided by the data rate R
(bits/s), i.e., Eb = Ps/R (3)
5

Spread Spectrum Priniciples

Combining

(1), (2) and (3) we get

K 1 = I/Ps = (W/R) / (Eb/N0) (4)

If

W >> R then the capacity of the system

can be large
i.e., transmission bandwidth should be much
larger than the message bandwidth

If

Eb/N0 is small, then also the capacity can

be large. (since Eb/N0 SNR, this means
SNR should be as small as possible) 6

Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA

Multiple users occupying the same band by having
different codes is known as CDMA - Code Division
Multiple Access system
Let
W - spread bandwidth in Hz
R = 1/Tb = Date Rate
S - received power of the desired signal in W
J - received power for undesired signals like multiple
access users, multipath, jammers etc in W
Eb - received energy per bit for the desired signal in W

N0 - equivalent noise spectral density in W/Hz

CDMA (contd)
N0W
WTb
J
W R

S E b T b E b N0 E b N0
J

S

W R

E b N0 min
max

What is the tolerable interference over desired signal

power?
Eb
W
J
(db)
Jammingmargin(db) (db)

R
S max
N0 min
8

CDMA (contd)

In conventional systems W/R 1 which means, for

satisfactory operation J/S < 1

Example Let R = 9600; W = 1.2288 MHz

(Eb/N0)min = 6 dB (values taken from IS-95)
Jamming margin (JM) = 10log10(1.2288*106/9.6*103) - 6
= 15.1 dB 32

This antijam margin or JM arises from Processing Gain (PG)

= W/R = 128

If (Eb/N0)min is further decreased or PG is increased, JM

can be further increased

CDMA (contd)
JM

can be used to accommodate multiple

users in the same band
If (Eb/N0)min and PG is fixed, number of
users is maximized if perfect power
control is employed.
Capacity of a CDMA system is
proportional to PG.
10

Spreading Codes
A noise-like

and random signal has to be

generated at the transmitter.
The same signal must be generated at the
receiver in synchronization.
We limit the complexity by specifying only
one bit per sample, i.e., a binary sequence.

11

Desirable Randomness Properties

Relative

frequencies of 0 and 1 should be

(Balance property)

Run

lengths of zeros and ones should be (Run

property):

Half of all run lengths should be unity

One - quarter should be of length two
One - eighth should be of length three
A fraction 1/2n of all run lengths should be of length n
for all finite n
12

Desirable Randomness Properties

(contd)
If

the random sequence is shifted by any nonzero

number of elements, the resulting sequence
should have an equal number of agreements and
disagreements with the original sequence
(Autocorrelation property)

13

PN Sequences
A deterministically

generated sequence that nearly

satisfies these properties is referred to as a
Pseudorandom Sequence (PN)

Periodic

binary sequences can be conveniently

generated using linear feedback shift registers
(LFSR)
the number of stages in the LFSR is r, P 2r - 1
where P is the period of the sequence

If

14

PN Sequences (contd)

However,

if the feedback connections satisfy a

specific property, P = 2r - 1. Then the sequence
is called a Maximal Length Shift Register
(MLSR) or a PN sequence.
Thus if r=15, P=32767.
MLSR satisfies the randomness properties
stated before
15

Randomness Properties of PN Sequences

Balance

property - Of the 2r - 1 terms, 2r-1 are

one and 2r-11 are zero. Thus the unbalance is
1/P. For r=50; 1/P10-15
Run length property - Relative frequency of run
length n (zero or ones) is 1/ 2n for n r-1 and 1/
(2r - 1) for n = r
One run length each of r-1 zeros and r ones
occurs. There are no run lengths for n > r
Autocorrelation property - The number of
disagreements exceeds the number of
agreements by unity. Thus again the
discrepancy is 1/p
16

PN Sequences Specified in IS-95

A long

PN sequence (r =42) is used to

scramble the user data with a different code
shift for each user

The

42-degree characteristic polynomial is

given by:
x42+x41+x40+x39+x37+x36+x35+x32+x26+x25+x24+x23+x21+x2
0+x17+x16+x15+x11+x9+x7+1

period of the long code is 242 - 1 4.4*102

chips and lasts over 41 days

The

17

PN Sequences Specified in IS-95

(contd)
A short

PN sequence (r = 15) is specific

to a base station and its period is
(2151)Tc = 27ms.
Two short PN sequences (r=15) are
used to spread the quadrature
components of the forward and reverse
link waveforms
18

Power Control in CDMA

CDMA goal

is to maximize the number of

simultaneous users
Capacity is maximized by maintaining the
signal to interference ratio at the minimum
acceptable
Power transmitted by mobile station must be
therefore controlled
Transmit power enough to achieve target
BER: no less no more
19

Two factors important for power

control
Propagation

loss

due to propagation loss, power variations up to

80 dB
a high dynamic range of power control required
Channel

Fading

average rate of fade is one fade per second per

mile hour of mobile speed
power attenuated by more than 30 dB
power control must track the fade
20

Power Control in IS-95A

At

900 MHz and 120 km/hr mobile speed

Doppler shift =100Hz
In IS 95-A closed loop power control is operated
at 800 Hz update rate
Power control bits are inserted (punctured) into
the interleaved and encoded traffic data stream
Power control step size is +/- 1 dB
Power control bit errors do not affect
performance much
21

Rake Receiver

Mobile station receives multiple attenuated and

delayed replicas of the original signal (multipath
diversity channels).
Two multipath signals are resolvable only if their
relative delay exceeds the chip period Tc
Amplitudes and phases of multipath components are
found by correlating the received waveform with
multiple delayed versions of the signal (delay = nTc).
Searcher performs the above task for up to 3 different
multipath signals.
3 parallel demodulators (RAKE fingers) isolate the
multipath components and the RAKE receiver
combines them.
22

Handoff in CDMA System

In GSM hard handoff occurs at the cell boundary

Soft Handoff
Mobile commences Communication with a new BS without
interrupting communication with old BS
same frequency assignment between old and new BS
provides different site selection diversity

Softer Handoff
Handoff between sectors in a cell

CDMA to CDMA hard handoff

Mobile transmits between two base stations with different
frequency assignment

23

Soft Handoff- A unique feature of

CDMA Mobile
Advantages

Contact with new base station is made before the call

is switched
Diversity combining is used between multiple cell sites
Diversity combining is the process of combining information
from multiple transmitted packets to increase the effective
SNR of received packets
additional resistance to fading

If the new cell is loaded to capacity, handoff can still

be performed for a small increase in BER
Neither the mobile nor the base station is required to
change frequency
24

References
Lee

JS and Miller LM, CDMA System

Engineering Handbook, Arttech
Publishing House, 1998.
Viterbi A, CDMA-Spread Spectrum
Communication, Addison Wesley 1995.

25