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Memory
a way of knowing
Memories of the past are not memories
of facts but memories of your
imaginings of the facts.
Phillip Roth
It will be easier if we are
able to discuss the difference and relationship between personal and
shared memories
able to explain how we form memories individually
able to explain how we retrieve memories
able to identify problems with memory
able to understand the ways in which we counteract potential
problems with memory
able to understand the way that formal areas of knowledge function as
centres of shared memory for memories on a cultural national or
international level
able to understand why it is important for researchers to adhere to
ethical practices
what do we know from memory?
Procedural memory
Declarative memory
semantic
episodic
Procedural knowledge
Personal knowledge
First..
If you forget everything, would you still be you?
Memory is far more than just recording facts, It;s
also central to establishing who we are as
human beings and to engaging with the world in
a much broader sense.
Consider this..
Sally remembers that she has visited
Rhode Island, but she does not know
that she has. This conjunction sounds
odd and one plausible explanation of
the oddness is that remembering
requires knowing. The second
conjunct denies something the first
conjunct asserts, so the conjunction
seems incoherent.
How can we remember without knowing?
How do we create memories?
How do you make memories?
No, really. How do YOU make memories?
Okay, something visual about how you make me
mories.
An Information Processing Model
Encoding : an information gets into our brains
in a way that allows it to be stored.
Storage: the information is held in a way that
allows it to later be retrieved
Retrieval: reactivating and recalling the
information, producing it in a form similar to
what was encoded
the Atkinson-Shriffin Model (1968)
So?
the key is a connection to an existing
memory.
Using Memory
PRIMING
How do we retrieve memories?
It is mere matter of activating the network so that it calls
the relevant knowledge up into consciousness.
Improve memory recall
focus on certain cues
make sure that you encode the memory well
pay attention to the moment when you create the
memory
retrieval system needs not to be broken
storing memories - reconstructions
Context-Dependent
Memory
What else was going on?
State-dependent
memory
Mood-congruent memory
Can we improve our memory?
Three stages of memory process
Acquisition
Retention
Retrieval
Problems with
Memory
Why is our memory full of errors?
We dont just forget, but memory gets
constructed ( imagined, selected, changed,
and rebuilt).
Our memory is altered every time we
reconstruct them, and altered again when we
reconsolidate.
Later information alters earlier memories
Misinformation Effect
porating misleading information into ones memory of an e
Misattribution
Source Amnesia
memory and biases
confirmation bias
hindsight bias
consistency bias
Dj vu
Can be seen as a source
amnesia
that
we
misattributes from long
term memory
Sometimes our sense of
familiarity
and
recognition kicks in too
soon, and out brain
explains this as being
caused
by
prior
experience
Also,
Bartlett (1932) and Schacter (1996, 2002)), believe
human
memory
processing
is
much
more
complicated than the mere depositing of items and
later withdrawing them. Memory selectively stores
information, expands part of it, combines it with
background information and adds data from the
context, in which the subject later retrieves the
information.
In other words, memory generally alters significantly
what enters it. As a result, recollecting is not the
retrieving,
but
rather
the
generating
of
representations of the past.
Recollecting actually generates new beliefs about the
How reliable is eyewitness testimony?
Eventually, we may end up
remembering not our experience, but
our memory of the experience, and then
our memory of our memory, and so on,
without ever knowing the difference.
It may, therefore, be that in those cases
where we have no independent means
of verifying a memory, the more it
drifts; and that even if a memory
appears to be clear and accurate, that
may be no guarantee as to its
accuracy.
Flashbulb Memory
There are some events
which are so powerful that
they imprint themselves on
our mind indelibly.
I will never forget this
moment moments.
However, a study by Ulric
Neisser,
found
that
alterations
the
the
memories were found to be
dramatic and changes.
Physiological
problems
Problems with memory.
How can we be certain that we have any
access to reality if our minds simply construct
the past for us instead of playing it back on
tape and we have no way of knowing which
problems are interfering with our ability to
recall what we once knew?
Mnemonic Devices
Independent
verification
For verification of the memories of
our personal experiences, we can
turn to friends and family members
as well as to journals, letters
planning,calendars, and many other
records of our individual lives.
Shared Memory
The discussion on the various areas of
knowledge delve into the means by which we
discover or generate knowledge in those areas,
with, importantly, an emphasis on how we
validate the accuracy of that knowledge.The
process,in each area of knowledge, includes the
procedures by which the knowledge is recorded
and shared and stored for posterity.
Fraudulent Behaviour
Sometimes the updating of shared memory does
not occur as the result of ongoing research, but
rather due to a sudden discovery that something
we have confidence in turns out to be wrong.
One reason that this some times happens is that
an individual contributor to cultural memory
engages in unethical behaviour.
manufactured data
problems of attribution and factual accuracy
Validation and Re-validation
We do not have a perfect path to the truth, and
we make mistakes. One important aspect of any
knowledge-seeking endeavour, therefore, is the
validation and re-validation of whatever we
already think we know.
Lost Knowledge
Once no one living remembers a particular
experience that was never written down or
otherwise recorded that knowledge is forgotten
to the culture as well as to the individual.
Imagination & Memory:
Two Sides of the Same Coin
Memory decline in old age may also mean a less
vivid imagination.
An intriguing possibility raised by the hypothesis
is that the primary role of human memory may
not be to remember the past, but to imagine and
prepare for the future.
Sources
PBS NOVA How Memory Works
Epistemology of Memory
Memory
Psychology Wiki of Memory
Human Memory
Epistemological problems of memory
Perception and Memory
However, when one thinks about it a
little more, were not on quite such solid
ground. First, memory isnt a primary way of
knowing. Instead, we use the other ways of
knowing to provide us with our initial
knowledge, and only afterwards employ
memory to modify and enhance that
knowledge. Second, memory is notoriously
unreliable: how one person remembers
something will be radically different to how
another person recalls it, meaning that it must
be treated with care if one is to build up
objective knowledge about a thing.
Now, as a closure..
