Chapter Three:
Chemical Concepts
By: Andie Aquilato
Units of Measurement
Slides 2-5
SI Units
Mass: kilogram (kg)
Length: meter (m)
Time: seconds (s)
Amount of substance: mole (mol)
Temperature: Kelvin (K)
Electric current: ampere (A)
Luminous intensity: candela (cd)
Prefixes for Units
giga- 109 (G)
mega- 106 (M)
kilo- 103 (k)
deci- 10-1 (d)
centi- 10-2 (c)
milli- 10-3 (m)
micro- 10-6 ()
nano- 10-9 (n)
pico- 10-12 (p)
femto- 10-15 (f)
atto- 10-18 (a)
The Mole
Molar Mass: the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
Ex: 1 mole of C is 12.011 g
Ex: 1 mol of CH2O
= 1 mol C + 2 mol H + 1 mol O
= 12.011 g + 2(1.0079 g) + 15.9994 g
= 30.0262 g
Avogadros number: there are 6.022 x 1023 particles in one mol
The Millimole: 1mmol = 10-3
Calculating the Amount of a Substance
Ex.: Determine the mass in grams of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) in 25.0 g
Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol). (This is using the factor-label method)
25 g Na2SO4
1 mol Na2SO4
2 mol Na+
22.99 g Na+
142.0 g Na2SO4
1 mol Na2SO4
1 mol Na+
= 8.10 g Na+
Solutions and
Concentrations
Slides 6-12
Molarity (M)
Molarity (M): the number of moles of a substance per 1 L of solution (mol/L or
mmol/mL)
Analytical Molarity: totals moles of solute per 1 L of solution
Equilibrium (species) Molarity: M at equilibrium
Ex.: Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.108 M BaCl2 from BaCl22H2O (244 g/mol)
We know that one mol of BaCl2H20 yields 1 mol BaCl2, so well figure out how much
BaCl2H20 we need to make a 0.108 M BaCl2H2O solution
2.00 L 0.108 mol BaCl2H20 244 g BaCl2H20
1.00 L
1 mol BaCl2H20
= 52.8 g BaCl2H20
Percent Concentration
Weight (w/w): (weight of solute/ weight of
solution)x100%
Volume (v/v): (volume of solute/volume of
solution)x100%
Weight/volume (w/v): (weight of solute/volume of
solution)x100%
Parts Per (for dilute solutions)
Million: mg solute/L soln
Billion: g solute/ g solution x 109
Ex.: What is the molarity of K+ in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of
K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?
Since the solution is so dilute, we can assume that ppm = mg solute/L soln,
therefore the solution is 63.3 mg/L of K3Fe(CN)6.
63.3 mg
K3Fe(CN)6
1L
1g
1 mol
K3Fe(CN)6
3 mol K+
329.3 g
1 mol
1000 mg K Fe(CN) K Fe(CN)
3
6
3
6
= 5.77 x 10-4 M K+
Soluent-Diluent Volume Ratios
Def.: amt of solution to the amt of solvent
Ex.: 1:4 HCl solution contains 1 volume of HCl for 4 volumes water
P-Functions
Def.: pX = -log[X]
Ex.: pH = -log[H]
Ex.: Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00 x 10-3 M in
NaCl and 5.4 x 10-4 in HCl
NaCl Na+ + ClHCl H+ + ClpNa = -log(2.00 x 10-3) = 2.699
pH = -log(5.4 x 10-4) = 3.27
pCl = -log(2.00 x 10-3 + 5.4 x 10-4) = 2.595
Ex.: What is the molar concentration of Ag+ in a solution that has a pAg of
6.372?
pAg = -log[Ag+]
3.372 = -log[Ag+]
Ag+ = antilog(3.372)
Ag+ = 4.25 x 10-7
Density
mass
volume
(g/mL or kg/L)
Specific Gravity
Def.: mass of a substance/mass of an equal volume of water
Ex.: Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63 g/mol) in a solution that
has a specific gravity of 1.42 and is 70% HNO3 (w/w)
1.42 kg reagent 1000 g
1 L reagent
1 kg
70 g HNO3
1 mol HNO3
100 g reagent
63 g HNO3
= 15.8 M HNO3
Stoichiometry
Def.: mass relationships among reacting chemical species, use ratios for
calculations
Ex.: 2NaI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
For every 2 moles of NaI, 1 mol of PbI2 is made
For every mol of Pb(NO3)2, 2 mol of NaNO3 is made, etc.
Empirical Formula: simplest (CH2O)
Molecular Formula: specific (C6H12O6)
Ex.: 4NH3(g) + 6NO(g)5N2(g) + 6H2O(g) How many moles of reactant are
there is 13.7 moles of N2 is produced?1
13.7 mol N2
4 mol NH3
10.96 mol NH3
16.44 mol NO
16.44 mol H2O
5 mol N2
13.7 mol N2
6 mol NO
5 mol N2
13.7 mol N2
6 mol H2O
Stoichiometry, contd
Ex.: 2Al +3Cl22AlCl3 When 80 grams of aluminum is reacted with excess
chlorine gas, how many moles of AlCl 3 are produced?1
80 g Al
1 mol Al
2 mol AlCl3
27 g Al
2 mol Al
2.96 mol Al
Ex.: Sb2S3(s) + 3Fe(s)2Sb(s) +3FeS(s) If 3.871023 particles of
Sb2S3(s) are reacted with excess Fe(s), what mass of FeS(s) is produced?1
3.87 x 1023
particles Sb2S3
1 mol
6.02 x 1023
particles
3 mol FeS
88 g FeS
169.71 g FeS
1 mol Sb2S3 1 mol FeS
Hanuschak, Gregor. SparkNote on Stoichiometric Calculations. 9 Dec. 2005
<http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometriccalculations>.
