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Chapter 12 - DDBMS

A distributed database management system (DDBMS) governs data storage and processing across interconnected computer systems. The demand for DDBMS arose from limitations of centralized databases in dynamic business environments. A DDBMS provides advantages like improved performance, reliability, and scalability but also complexity. It includes components like workstations, networks, transaction processors, and data processors. A DDBMS aims to provide transparency around the distribution of data for simplified use.

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Albert Seastres
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© © All Rights Reserved
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175 views

Chapter 12 - DDBMS

A distributed database management system (DDBMS) governs data storage and processing across interconnected computer systems. The demand for DDBMS arose from limitations of centralized databases in dynamic business environments. A DDBMS provides advantages like improved performance, reliability, and scalability but also complexity. It includes components like workstations, networks, transaction processors, and data processors. A DDBMS aims to provide transparency around the distribution of data for simplified use.

Uploaded by

Albert Seastres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 12
Distributed Database
Management Systems
Database Systems:
Design, Implementation, and Management,
Seventh Edition, Rob and Coronel
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The Evolution of Distributed Database


Management Systems
Distributed database management system
(DDBMS)
Governs storage and processing of logically
related data over interconnected computer
systems in which both data and processing
functions are distributed among several sites

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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The Evolution of Distributed Database


Management Systems (continued)
Centralized database required that corporate
data be stored in a single central site
Dynamic business environment and
centralized databases shortcomings
spawned a demand for applications based on
data access from different sources at multiple
locations

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

The Evolution of Distributed Database


Management Systems (continued)

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Problem Issues to Centralized:


Performance Degradation
High Cost
Reliability Problems

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages


Advantages include:

Data are located near greatest demand site


Faster data access
Faster data processing
Growth facilitation
Improved communications

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages


(continued)
Advantages include (continued):

Reduced operating costs


User-friendly interface
Less danger of a single-point failure
Processor independence

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages


(continued)
Disadvantages include:

Complexity of management and control


Security
Lack of standards
Increased storage requirements
Increased training cost

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages


(continued)

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

12

DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages


(continued)

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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12

Characteristics of Distributed
Management Systems (continued)
Must perform all the functions of centralized
DBMS
Must handle all necessary functions imposed
by distribution of data and processing
Must perform these additional functions
transparently to the end user

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Characteristics of Distributed
Management Systems (continued)

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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DDBMS Components
Must include (at least) the following
components:

Computer workstations
Network hardware and software
Communications media
Transaction processor (application processor,
transaction manager)
Software component found in each computer
that requests data

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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12

DDBMS Components (continued)


Must include (at least) the following
components (continued):
Data processor or data manager
Software component residing on each
computer that stores and retrieves data located
at the site
May be a centralized DBMS

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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DDBMS Components (continued)

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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12

Distributed Database
Transparency Features
Allow end user to feel like databases only
user
Features include:

Distribution transparency
Transaction transparency
Failure transparency
Performance transparency
Heterogeneity transparency

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Distribution Transparency
Allows management of physically dispersed
database as though it were a centralized
database
Following three levels of distribution
transparency are recognized:
Fragmentation transparency
Location transparency
Local mapping transparency
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Distributed Database Design


Data fragmentation
How to partition database into fragments

Data replication
Which fragments to replicate

Data allocation
Where to locate those fragments and replicas

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Data Fragmentation
Breaks single object into two or more
segments or fragments
Each fragment can be stored at any site over
computer network
Information about data fragmentation is
stored in distributed data catalog (DDC), from
which it is accessed by TP to process user
requests
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Data Fragmentation (continued)


Strategies
Horizontal fragmentation
Division of a relation into subsets (fragments) of
tuples (rows)

Vertical fragmentation
Division of a relation into attribute (column)
subsets

Mixed fragmentation
Combination of horizontal and vertical
strategies
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Data Replication
Storage of data copies at multiple sites
served by computer network
Fragment copies can be stored at several
sites to serve specific information
requirements
Can enhance data availability and response
time
Can help to reduce communication and total
query costs
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Data Allocation
Deciding where to locate data
Allocation strategies
Centralized data allocation
Entire database is stored at one site

Partitioned data allocation


Database is divided into several disjointed parts
(fragments) and stored at several sites

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Client/Server vs. DDBMS


Way in which computers interact to form
system
Features user of resources, or client, and
provider of resources, or server
Can be used to implement a DBMS in which
client is the TP and server is the DP

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Client/Server vs. DDBMS (continued)


Client/server advantages
Less expensive than alternate minicomputer
or mainframe solutions
Allow end user to use microcomputers GUI,
thereby improving functionality and simplicity
More people in job market have PC skills than
mainframe skills
PC is well established in workplace
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Client/Server vs. DDBMS (continued)


Client/server advantages (continued)
Numerous data analysis and query tools exist
to facilitate interaction with DBMSs available in
PC market
Considerable cost advantage to offloading
applications development from mainframe to
powerful PCs

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Client/Server vs. DDBMS (continued)


Client/server disadvantages
Creates more complex environment
Different platforms (LANs, operating systems,
and so on) are often difficult to manage

An increase in number of users and


processing sites often paves the way for
security problems

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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Client/Server vs. DDBMS (continued)


Client/server disadvantages (continued)
Possible to spread data access to much wider
circle of users
Increases demand for people with broad
knowledge of computers and software
Increases burden of training and cost of
maintaining the environment

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 7th Edition, Rob & Coronel

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