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Advance Measurement

This document describes five methods for correcting interfering or modifying inputs that could affect the accuracy of measurements: 1. Methods of inherent insensitivity design instruments to be inherently insensitive to anything other than the desired input. 2. Method of high-gain feedback uses feedback to make a system insensitive to changes in its components that could be caused by interfering inputs. 3. Method of calculated output corrections measures interfering inputs and calculates corrections to remove their effect from the output. 4. Method of signal filtering uses filters to block interfering signals from affecting the output. 5. Method of opposing inputs intentionally introduces an interfering input opposite to the actual interference to cancel its effect.

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Rahul Pandey
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147 views14 pages

Advance Measurement

This document describes five methods for correcting interfering or modifying inputs that could affect the accuracy of measurements: 1. Methods of inherent insensitivity design instruments to be inherently insensitive to anything other than the desired input. 2. Method of high-gain feedback uses feedback to make a system insensitive to changes in its components that could be caused by interfering inputs. 3. Method of calculated output corrections measures interfering inputs and calculates corrections to remove their effect from the output. 4. Method of signal filtering uses filters to block interfering signals from affecting the output. 5. Method of opposing inputs intentionally introduces an interfering input opposite to the actual interference to cancel its effect.

Uploaded by

Rahul Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF CORRECTION FOR

INTERFERING AND MODIFYING I/P

METHODS OF INHERENT INSENSITIVITY


METHODS OF HIGH GAIN FEEDBACK
METHOD OF CALCULATED OUTPUT CORRECTION
METHOD OF SIGNAL FILTERING
METHOD OF OPPOSING INPUTS

METHODS OF INHERENT
INSENSITIVITY
This method proposes the sound design philosophy that the
elements of the instruments should inherently be the sensitive
to only the desired inputs. This approach requires that
somehow FI and/or FM,D be made as nearly equal to zero as
possible. Thus, even though iI and/or iM may exist, they cannot
affect the output.

EXAMPLE
STRAIN GAUGE:- We might try to find some gage material that
exhibits an extremely low temperature coefficient of resistance while
retaining its sensitivity to strain. Two such materials are the metal alloy
Invar and the glass/ceramic Zerodur.

Method of High-Gain Feedback


Suppose we wish to measure a voltage ei by applying it to a
motor whose torque is applied to a spring, causing a
displacement xo , which may be measured on a calibrated
scale. For this properly designed open-loop system:

If modifying inputs to errors in the relation between iM1 and iM2


exist, they can cause changes in KMo and KSp that lead ei and xo .
These errors are in direct proportion to the changes in KMo and
KSp.

Consider a closed-loop system. Here xo is measured by a


feedback device which produces a voltage eo proportional to xo
. This voltage is subtracted from the input voltage ei , and the
difference is applied to an amplifier which drives the motor
and thereby the spring to produce xo :

Suppose we design K to be very large (a high-gain system)


so that K K K K >> 1. Then
Am

Am

Mo

Sp

Fb

The effects of variations in K , K , and K ( as a result of


modifying inputs i , i , and i ) on the relation between ei and
output xo have been made negligible. We now require that K
stay constant (unaffected by i ) in order to maintain constant
input output calibration.
Am

M1

M2

Sp

Mo

M3

Fb

M4

Method of Calculated Output Corrections


This method requires one to measure or estimate the
magnitudes of the interfering and/or modifying inputs and to
know quantitatively how they affect the output. Then it is
possible to calculate corrections which may be added to or
subtracted from the indicated output so as to leave (ideally)
only that component associated with the desired input.

Since many measurement systems today can afford to include


a microcomputer to carry out various functions, if we also
provide sensors for the spurious inputs, the microcomputer can
implement the method of calculated output corrections on an
automatic basis.

Method of Signal Filtering


This method is based on the possibility of introducing certain
elements (filters) into the instrument which in some fashion
block the spurious signals, so that their effects on the output
are removed or reduced. The filter may be applied to any
suitable signal in the instrument, be it input, output, or
intermediate signal.

Method of Opposing Inputs


This method consists of intentionally introducing into the
instrument interfering and/or modifying inputs that tend to
cancel the bad effects of the unavoidable spurious inputs.

The intentionally introduced input is designed so that the


signals oI1 and oI2 are essentially equal, but act in opposite
sense; thus the net contribution oI1 oI2 to the output is
essentially zero.
This method might actually be considered as a variation on
the method of calculated output corrections. However, the
calculation and application of the correction are achieved
automatically owing to the structure of the system, rather than
by numerical calculation by a human operator.

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