CHAPTER 10
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
The transmittal of digital
signals between two or more
points in a communications
system.
Digital Transmission
Developed the first digital
transmission system for the
purpose of carrying digitally
encoded analog signals, such
as human voice, over metallic
wire cables between telephone
offices.
AT&T
The primary advantage of
digital transmission over
analog transmission.
Noise Immunity
Digital signals are also better
suited than analog signals for
processing and combining
using a technique called
_____.
Multiplexing
The processing of analog
signals using digital methods
and includes band limiting the
signal with filters, amplitude
equalization, and phase
shifting.
Digital Signal Processing
Digital transmission systems
are more resistant to analog
systems to additive noise
because they use________
rather than signal
amplification.
Signal Regeneration
Consist essentially of
sampling analog information
signals and then converting
those samples into discrete
pulses
Pulse Modulation
The four predominant
methods of pulse modulation.
PWM, PPM, PAM & PCM
Sometimes called pulse
duration modulation or pulse
length modulation.
Pulse Width Modulation
The position of a constantwidth pulse within a
prescribed time slot is varied
according to the amplitude of
the sample of the analog
signal.
Pulse Position Modulation
The amplitude of a constantwidth, constant-position pulse
is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the
analog signal.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
The analog signal is sampled
and then converted to a serial
n-bit binary code for
transmission.
Pulse Code Modulation
( PCM )
__________ is credited with
inventing PCM in 1937
while working for AT&T at its
Paris laboratories.
Alex H. Reeves
A circuit that periodically
samples the analog input
signal and converts those
samples to a multilevel PAM
signal.
Sample-and-Hold Circuit
The transmission line
________ are placed at
prescribed distances to
regenerate the digital pulses.
Repeaters
An integrated circuit that
performs the PCM encoding
and decoding functions.
Codec
The function of a _________
in a PCM transmitter is to
periodically sample the
continually changing analog
input voltage.
Sampling Circuit
The sampling process alters
the frequency spectrum and
introduces an error called
_________.
Aperture Error
The ________ of the
capacitor is called the A/D
conversion time because it is
during this time that the ADC
converts the sample voltage
to a PCM code.
Storage Time
If the input to the ADC is
changing while it is performing
the conversion, _______
results.
Aperture Distortion
_________ theorem
establishes the minimum
sampling rate (fs) that can be
used for a given PCM system.
Nyquist Sampling
The binary codes used for
PCM are _________,
where n may be any positive
integer greater than 1.
N-Bit Codes
The sign bit in a signmagnitude code.
Most Significant Bit
( MSB )
The process of rounding off
the amplitudes of flat-top
samples to a manageable
number of levels.
Quantization
A type of code where the
codes on the bottom half of
the table are a mirror image of
the codes on the top half,
except for the sign bit.
Folded Binary Code
The magnitude difference
between adjacent steps.
Quantization Interval or
Quantum
Also called peak limiting
Overload Distortion
Any round-off errors in the
transmitted signal are
reproduced when the code is
converted back to analog in the
receiver.
Quantization Error or
Quantization Noise
The ratio of the largest
possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude
(other than 0V) that can be
decoded by the digital-to
analog converter in the
receiver.
Dynamic Ratio
When there is no analog input
signal, the only input to the
PAM sampler is random,
thermal noise also called as
__________.
Idle Channel Noise
A way to reduce idle channel
noise wherein the first
quantization interval is made
larger in amplitude than the
rest of the steps.
Midtread Quantization
The process of compressing
and then expanding.
Companding
Two methods of companding:
-Law and A-law
Companding
Involves compression in the
transmitter after the input
sample has been converted to
a linear PCM code and then
expansion in the receiver prior
to PCM decoding.
Digital Companding
When digitizing speech
signals only, special voice
encoders/decoders called
_______ are often used.
Vacoders
A coder extracts the most
significant portions of speech
information directly from the
time waveform rather than
from the frequency spectrum
as with the channel and
formant vocoders.
Linear Predictive
Type of modulation uses a
single-bit PCM code to
achieve digital transmission of
analog signals
Delta
Two problems associated with
delta modulation that do not
occur with conventional PCM.
Slope Overload and
Granular Sudivision
With ________, the difference
in the amplitude of two
successive samples is
transmitted rather than the
actual sample.
Differential PCM
( DPCM )
The secondary lobes are
called ________.
Ringing test
causes crosstalk between
channels that occupy adjacent
time slots in a time-divisionmultiplexed carrier system.
Inter symbol interference
Inserted in the transmission
path to equalize the distortion
for all frequencies, creating
uniform transmission medium
reducing transmission
impairments.
Equalizers
simply the superposition of a
series of harmonically related
sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase
relationships.
Pulse Modulation
The decision levels for the
regenerator are represented
by ____.
Crosshairs
Has an effect on the symbol
timing (clock) recovery circuit
and, if excessive, may
significantly degrade the
performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.
Jitter
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit
pairs to serial, Q, and C
output data streams.
Parallel-to-Serial
Logic Circuit
