Manufactured

Substances in
Industry

Contents

9.1-Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

9.2-Manufacture of Ammonia and its Salt
9.3-Alloys
9.4-Synthetic Polymers and their Uses
9.5-The Uses of Glass and Ceramics
9.6- The Uses of Composite Materials
9.7-Appreciating Synthetic Material

9.1Manufacture of
Sulphuric Acid

Sulphuric acid is a highlycorrosive , strongmineral

acid with themolecular formulaH2SO4and molecular
weight 98.079 g/mol.

Manufactu
re of
fertilisers

Manufactu
re of
detergents

Manufactu
re of
synthetic
fibres

THE
USES OF
SULPHU
RIC ACID

Manufactu
re of
paints and
dyes

Lead-acid
accumulat
or

Manufacture of fertiliser

-Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (reaction

tricalcium phosphate)

-Ammonium sulphate (reaction between sulphuric acid and aqueous

ammonia)

-Potassium sulphate (reaction between sulphuric acid and potassium

hydroxide)

between sulphuric acid and

Manufacture of detergent

-Sulphuric acid + Hydrocarbon = sulphonic acid

-Sulphonic acid + sodium hydroxide = detergent

Manufacture of synthetic fibres

- Rayon(reaction of suphuric acid on cellulose)

Lead-acid accumulator

Manufacture of sulphuric acid in the

industry

Sulphur

Sulphur
dioxide

Sulphur
trioxide

Sulphuri
c acid

Stage 1 :
Production of sulphur dioxide

-burning sulphur in dry air in the furnace

S + O2

SO2

-burning of metal sulphide in dry air

Stage 2 :
Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, SO3

-Sulphur dioxide air is dried and purified before being added to dry air to
produce SO3 gas
-Sulphur dioxide & dry oxygen are passed through a converter
Catalyst= Vanadium Oxide, V2O5
Temperature= 450C- 550C
Pressure= one atmosphere

Stage 3 :
Production of sulphuric acid

-Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce

oleum, H2S2O7, in the absorber
SO3 + H2SO4

H2S2O7

-Oleum is diluted with and water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid

H2S2O7 + H20

2H2SO4

Environmental Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide

Effects on the
respiratory
system .

Acid Rain

Coughing

Corrodes
concrete
buildings and
metal
structures

Chest pains

Destroys
trees and
plants

Shortness of
breath

Decreases the
PH of the soil

Steps to reduce sulphur dioxide from the

atmosphere
Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the
emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases .

Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by

treating it with calcium carbonate before it
is released.

9.2- Manufacture of
Ammonia and its Salt

 Ammoniais acompoundofnitrogenandhydrogenwith
theformulaNH3.

Manufacture
of
electrolytes
in dry cells

Manufactur
e of
cleaning
agents

Manufactu
re of
explosives

Uses of
Ammon
ia
Manufactur
e of
nitrogenous
fertilisers

Manufactur
e of nitric
acid

Manufactur
e of
cleaning
agents

Very soluble in
water

Manufacture
of cleaning
agents

Produces
thick white
fumes with
hydrogen
chloride ,
HCl , gas

Properties of
Ammonia ,
NH3

Colourless
gas

Pungent smell

Less dense
than air

Has
characteristic
s of weak
alkali when
dissolved in
water

Manufacture of Ammonia
Manufacture of ammonia
Ammonia is manufactured in industries through Harber
Process. This process combines nitrogen gas from the air with
hydrogen gas to form ammonia. They are mixed in the mol
or volume ratio of 1 to 3 (1:3).
N2(g)+ 3H2(g)

2NH3

The mixture of one volume of nitrogen gas, N(2) to three

volumes of hydrogen gas, H(2) is compressed to a high
pressure of 200 atmosphere at a temperature of about
450(*)C . It is then passed through layers of iron catalyst to
speed up the rate of reaction.

Flow chart of production of ammonia through the Haber process

Preparation of ammonium fertilisers

Neutralisation reactions between aqueous ammonia, NH3
(alkali) and an acid solution to produce ammonium salts,
NH(4+) which can be used as fertilisers.
3NH3 + H3PO4 Ammonium phosphate
NH3 + HNO3 Ammonium nitrate
2 NH3 + H2SO4 Ammonia sulphate

9.3- Alloys

 An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain

composition in which the major component is a metal.

Arrangement of pure metal atoms

~ All the atoms are of the same size which is
arranged in an orderly manner.

Ductili
ty

Properti
es Of
Pure
Metal

Malleabili
ty

The making of alloys

One or more
foreign elements
are added to
molten metal.

As alloy
hardens, the
position of some
metal atoms are
replaced by
atoms of foreign
elements.

These atoms of
different sizes
disrupt the
orderly
arrangement of
the metal
atoms.

Hence, the
layers of metal
atoms are
prevented from
sliding over
each other
easily.

Aims of alloying
To
increase
strength
and
hardness

To
prevent
corrosion

Aims
of
alloyi
ng

To
improve
the
appearan
ce

Uses of Alloy
Bronze
~ To make
medals

Steel
~ To make
bridges ,
vehicles ,
building
skeletons.

Duralumin
~To make
the body of
airplanes

Uses
of
Alloy
Stainless
steel
~~To make
kitchen
utensils

Brass
~To make
keys ,
musical
instruments

Copper
nickel
~To make
coins

9.4-Synthetic
Polymers and their
Uses

 Synthetic polymers are polymers made in the industry from

chemical substances

Polym
er
Polumeros
-Greek
-having many
parts

Polymerisat
ion
- Chemical
process
-Monomers are
joined together to
form polymer

Naturall
y
Occurrin
g
Polymer
s

Macromolecu
le/large
molecule

Synthe
tic
Polyme
rs

Naturally Occurring Polymers

-Exist in plants or animals

-in muscles, skin, silk,

hair, wool and fur.

-consists of monomers
known as amino acids

-in starch and

cellulose

-consists of monomers
known as glucose

-in latex
-consists of monomers
known as isoprene

Synthetic Polymers

-made in the industry from chemical substances

Plastics

Synthet
ic fibres

Elastom
ers

Thermoplastic is a
polymer which
becomes soft when
subjected to heat.

Long chained
polymers that
withstand
stretching

Polymer that can

regain its
original shape
after being
stretched or
pressed

Light , Strong ,
Inert to
chemicals ,
Insulators of
electricity and
heat

Nylon : Used to
make ropes ,
fishing lines.

Eg : Neoprene,
Styreneburadiene
rubber (SBR)

Eg : Polythene,
Polyvinylchlori
de,Polypropen
e.

Terylene : Used to
make clothing,
sleeping bags

Strong and
light

Can be made
to have
special
properties

Easily
moulded or
shaped and
be coloured

Advantag
es of
Synthetic
Polymers
.
Inert to
chemical
reactions

Cheap
Able to resist
corrosion

Pollution problems caused by

Synthetic Polymers & Methods to
Overcome
-Non-biodegradable, not decay, create

Polluti
on
Proble
ms

disposal problem.
-Blockage of drainage systems and rivers
(Flash floods)
- Breeding grounds for mosquitoes (Dengue)
- Aquatic animals die from choking
- Open burning of polymers cause air
pollution

Caused
Method
s
to
Overco
me

-3R, Reduce, Reuse and recycle synthetic

polymers
-Develop biodegradable polymers

9.5-The Uses of
Glass and
Ceramics

Glassis a non-crystallinesolidthat is often transparent and has

widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage
Aceramicis aninorganic, non-metallicsolid material
comprisingmetal,non-metalormetalloid atoms primarily held
inionicandcovalentbonds.

Main components of glass and ceramics

Main component
Silica, SiO2
Glass

Types of glass:
> Fused glass
> Soda lime glass
>Borosilicate glass
>Lead glass

Ceramic

Examples of
ceramic:
>Tiles
>Cement
>Bricks
>Porcelain

Types, Properties, Composition and Uses of

Glass
Name of glass

Properties

Chemical
Composition

Example of uses

Fused glass

-High melting point

(1700C)
-Expensive
-Allows ultraviolet
light to pass through
-Difficult to melt or
mould into shape

SiO2 99%,
B2O3 - 1%

Scientific apparatus
like lenses on,
spectrometer,
Optical lenses,
Laboratory
apparatus

Soda lime glass

-Low melting point

(700C)
-Moldable into
shapes
-Cheap
-Breakable
-Can withstand high
heat

SiO2 70%
Na2O 15%,
CaO 10%
Others 4%

Glass containers
Glass panes
Mirrors
Lamps and bulbs
Plates and bowls
Bottles

Name of glass
Borosilicate glass

Properties

Chemical
composition

-Resistant to high
heat and chemical
reaction

SiO2 80%
B2O3 13%
Na2O 4%
AI203 2%

Example of Uses
Glass apparatus
in laboratories
Cooking utensils

-Does not break

easily
-Allows infra-red
rays but not ultraviolet rays
Lead glass

-High density and

refractive index
-Glittering surface
-Soft
-Low melting point
(600C)

SiO2 70%
Na2O 20%
PbO 10%

Containers for
drinks and fruit
Decorative glass
and lamps,
Crystal glassware
Lenses for
spectacles

The Uses of Improved Glass and Ceramics

for Specific Purposes
Improv
ed
Glass

Photochromic Glass
~very sensitive to light.
~darkens in the presence of bright
light and lightens when the
amount of sunlight lessens.
Conductive Glass
~a type of glass which can conduct
electricity.
~obtained by coating a thin layer
of a conducting material around
the glass, usually indium tin(IV)
oxide.
~used in the making of Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD)

Improv
ed
Cerami
cs

Superconductors
~zero electrical resistance.
~minimises the loss of electrical energy
through heat.
~Yttrium barium copper oxide is a type of
ceramic superconductor
~used to make magnets which are light but
thousands of times stronger than the normal
magnet.
Conductive Glass
~a type of glass which can conduct electricity.
~obtained by coating a thin layer of a conducting
material around the glass, usually indium tin(IV)
oxide.
~used in the making of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Properties of Glass and Ceramic

Glass

DIFFERENCES

Ceramic

Transparent

Optical Transparency

Opaque

Can be melted and remoulded

Moulding

Cannot be melted and

remoulded

Lower melting point

Melting point

Very high melting point

SIMMILARITIES

Hard but brittle

Inert to chemical reactions
Insulators of electricity
Poor conductors of heat
Withstand compression but not tension (stretching)
Can be cleaned easily

9.6- The Uses of

Composite
Materials

 A composite material is a structural material formed by

combining two or more materials with different physical
properties, producing a complex mixture

Properties of Composite Materials

compared to their components and the
uses of composites
Composite
material

Component

Properties of
component

Properties of
composite

Uses of
composites

Reinforced
concrete

Concrete

Hard but
brittle,with low
tensile strength

Steel

Hard with high

tensile strength
but expensive
can corrode

Stronger,higher
tensile
strength,not so
brittle,does not
corrode
easily,can
withstand higher
applied forces
and
loads,cheaper

Construction of
framework for
highways,bridge
s
and high-rise
buildings

Composite
material
Supercondoctor

Fibre optics

Component
Copper
(II)oxide,yttrium
oxide and barium
oxide

Glass of low
refractive index
Glass of higher
refractive index

Properties of
component
Insulators of
electricity

Properties of
composite
Conducts
electricity
without
resistance
when cooled by
liquid nitrogen

Uses of
composites
To make more
efficient
generators,transfo
rmers,electric
cable and
amplifiers

Transparent,
does not reflect
light rays

Reflect light
rays and allow
light rays to
travel along the
fibre

Transmit data in
the form of light in
telecommunicatio
n

Composite
Material

Component

Fibre glass

Glass
Polyester plastic

Photochromic glass

Glass
Silver chloride or
Silver bromide

Properties of
component

Properties of
composite

Uses of
composites

Light,flexible,elastic Light,strong,tough,re
Water and food
but weak and
silient and
storage
inflammable
flexible,with high
containers,boats,swi
tensile strength,not
mming pool linings
inflammable
Transparent and not
sensitive to light
Sensitive to light

Sensitive to
light:darkens when
light intensity is
high,becomes clear
when light intensity
is low

Photochromic
optical lens,car
windshields,optical
switchesinformation
display panels

9.7-Appreaciating
Various Synthetic
Industrial Materials

New materials are

required to overcome
new challenges and
problems

Continuous R&D is required

to improve our standard of
living.

A responsible and
systematic method of
handling these waste is
important to prevent
environmental pollution.

Synthetic materials are

developed constantly due to the
limitation and shortage of
natural materials.

The understanding of the

interaction between different
chemicals is important for
both development and
disposal of these materials.