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Atomic Structure

The document summarizes the history of the atomic model from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic theory. It describes early atomic theories proposed by Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson. It then discusses pivotal experiments and models proposed in the early 1900s, including Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which led him to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's refinement incorporating electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including atomic number, mass, electron shells, and notation systems like electronic configurations and dot-and-cross diagrams.

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150 views

Atomic Structure

The document summarizes the history of the atomic model from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic theory. It describes early atomic theories proposed by Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson. It then discusses pivotal experiments and models proposed in the early 1900s, including Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which led him to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's refinement incorporating electron orbits around the nucleus. The document concludes by explaining modern atomic structure, including atomic number, mass, electron shells, and notation systems like electronic configurations and dot-and-cross diagrams.

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poorv1235570
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S.

MORRIS 2006
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms

he pounded up materials in his pestle and

mortar until he had reduced them to smaller

and smaller particles which he called

ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1808 John Dalton

suggested that all matter was made up of

tiny spheres that were able to bounce around

with perfect elasticity and called them

ATOMS
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1898 Joseph John Thompson

found that atoms could sometimes eject a

far smaller negative particle which he called

an

ELECTRON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1904

Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of

electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded

by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge


like plums surrounded by pudding.

PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1910 Ernest Rutherford

oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his


famous experiment.

they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil


which was only a few atoms thick.

they found that although most of them


passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

gold foil
helium nuclei

helium nuclei

They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed


through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their
surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
HISTORY OF THE ATOM

Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more


detailed model with a central nucleus.

He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central


nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical
attraction

However, this was not the end of the story.


HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1913 Niels Bohr

studied under Rutherford at the Victoria


University in Manchester.

Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding


that the electrons were in orbits. Rather
like planets orbiting the sun. With each
orbit only able to contain a set number of
electrons.
Bohr’s Atom

electrons in orbits

nucleus
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton

+
N
-
+
- N

electron neutron

What do these particles consist of?


ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Particle Charge Mass

proton + ve charge 1

neutron No charge 1

electron -ve charge nil


ATOMIC STRUCTURE

He
Atomic number
the number of protons in an atom

4 Atomic mass
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom

number of electrons = number of protons


ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons

• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons

• third shell a maximum of 8 electrons


ATOMIC STRUCTURE

There are two ways to represent the atomic

structure of an element or compound;

1. Electronic Configuration

2. Dot & Cross Diagrams


ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

With electronic configuration elements are represented

numerically by the number of electrons in their shells

and number of shells. For example;

Nitrogen configuration = 2 , 5

N
2 in 1st shell
2 + 5 = 7
5 in 2nd
shell
14
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Write the electronic configuration for the following


elements;

20 11 8
a) Ca b) Na c) O
23 16
40

2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6

17 14 5
d) Cl e) Si f) B 11
35 28

2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3


DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,

and circles to show the shells. For example;


X

Nitrogen
N
7
X X N X X

14
XX
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following


elements;
8 17
X
a) O b) Cl 35 X X
16 X
X X X
X
X X X X Cl X X X
X O X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.

2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of


Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.

3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.

4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.


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