UNIVERSITY

AARUPADAI VEEDU
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CELLULAR
MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
D.VIJENDRA BABU,
HOD &ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

ELECTIVE
12- MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
(COMMON FOR ECE, ETCE & IT)
1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
9
History and evolution of mobile radio systems, Types of mobile wireless services/systems Cellular, WLL, Paging,
Satellite systems, Standard, Future trends in personal wireless systems.
2. CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
9
Cellular concept and frequency reuse, Multiple Access Schemes, Channel assignment and handoff, Interface and system
capacity, Trunking and Erlang capacity calculations.
3. MOBILE RADIO PROPAGATION
9
Radio wave propagation issues in personal wireless systems, Propagation models, Multipath fading and based and
impulse models, Parameters of mobile multipath channels, Antenna systems in mobile radio.
4. MODULATION AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
9
Analog and digital modulation techniques, Performance of various modulation techniques Spectral efficiency, Error rate,
Power Amplification, Equalization/Rake receiver concepts, Diversity and Space-time processing, Speech coding and
channel coding.
5. SYSTEM EXAMPLES AND DESIGN ISSUES
9
Multiple Access Techniques FDMA, TDMA and CDMA systems, Operational systems, Wireless networking, design
issues in personal wireless systems.

TOTAL HOURS: 45
TEXT BOOK:

1.K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communication, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1995.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communication; Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1996.

2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communication Engineering; Theory and Application, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill
2
International, 1998.

TOPICS COVERED
1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
II. CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM
DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
III. MOBILE RADIO PROPAGATION
IV. MODULATION AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
V . SYSTEM EXAMPLES AND DESIGN ISSUES

Introduction
Introduction to Wireless
Communication
Systems

Introduction
It is dangerous to put limits on
wireless. - Guglielmo Marconi, 1932
There has been tremendous growth in
wireless in the past 10 years. Even more
in Europe and Asia than North America
Driven by technological advances
digital and RF circuit fabrication
improvements, large scale circuit integration,
miniaturization technologies, digital
switching
5

 Driven by business investment

although overinvestment has created
bad profitability recently.
Driven by consumer demand
Regardless of current business
profitability, the growth rate in terms of
numbers of customers is substantial.
The ability to communicate wirelessly
is of obvious benefit to many. What are
some of the benefits?

I. History

Wired Communications

1834 - Gauss and Weber build telegraph

system in Germany
1844 - Morse connects Baltimore and
Washington by telegraph
1858 - First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
1876 - Alexander Bell demonstrates telephone
1911 - New York can telephone Denver

Wireless Communications --Not so new

Had slow growth at first compared to other
inventions.
But now is growing very rapidly.

 1899 - Marconi sends first radio message across

Atlantic
1905 - Hulsmeyer detects ships with radar
1927 - US & Europe telephones linked by HF radio
1934 - AM mobile police radios for public safety
widely used
1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrates FM radio
system, became the primary modulation
technique.
1940 - First microwave radar
1965 - First commercial communication satellite
1968 - AT&T proposes cellular phone system to
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
10

 1983 - FCC allocates spectrum for analog cellular

service (AMPS)
1990 - GSM digital cellular service introduced in
Europe
1995 - FCC auctions new Personal Communication
Service (PCS) licenses in U.S. for digital services
1998 - 40 million cellular phone users in U.S.
2000 - In some countries, mobile users
outnumber conventional wireline customers.
11

 2001 - 630 million subscribers worldwide (as

compared to 1 billion wired phone lines.
2001 - Over 1% of worldwide wireless
subscribers have abandoned wired telephone
service for home use.
2005 Over 130 million cellular phone users
in U.S. (out of population of 300 million
including children).

12

II. Frequencies
RF - Radio Frequency
1 MHz to 1 GHz - general classification, not
absolute
100 MHz to 1 GHz - more widely used definition

Microwave
1 GHz to 300 GHz - general
1 GHz to 100 GHz - more widely used

Trends towards use of higher frequencies

greater signal bandwidth (BW) per channel
more users and/or higher data rates
but more difficult to design - more $$, more
engineering required
13

III. Wireless Applications

Mature
Home Appliances - What devices are used
that are wireless?
Communications
fixed microwave (point-to-point or Line Of
Sight) - nearly 20,000 in U.S
satellite to fixed ground stations (TV, phone,
defense, etc.)
analog cellular : AMPS (FM) since 1980's
paging

14

 Emerging
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Networks
Mobile computers/email
Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
local phone service via wireless connection
prominent in non-industrialized nations
cheaper to install than wired lines
new IEEE 802.16 standard has been developed for WLL.

Wireless-enabled Personal Digital Assistants

(PDAs)
15

 Wireless Device Connectivity between

computer peripherals (printers, monitors,
keyboards, etc.) - Bluetooth
Satellite to mobile ground units - Land
Mobile Satellite (LMS)
Motorola/Iridium
Digital Cellular/PCS
PCS = Personal Communication Services
Several types of services and capabilities
are offered
16

 Radio Frequency Identification Tags

(RFIDs) on merchandize in warehouses
and stores.
Sensor networks small devices
wirelessly communicating among
themselves to monitor environments
using a variety of sensors.

17

 FCC controls all usable Radio Spectrum allocates specific frequency bands for
specific uses
Military
Public safety and public service - Police, fire,
utilities, medical
Commercial - To customers, between commercial
mobiles
Unlicensed
Amateur
Etc.
18

19

 SMR Bands - Specialized Mobile Radio

Three 20 MHz bands from 800-900 MHz

Large number of radio system licenses nationwide
paging/messaging
voice dispatch - taxi, Police/Fire/Ambulance
data (UPS/Fedex)

Extended SMR
Nextel/Motorola partnership
Nationwide coverage providing digital cellular/data
service
Created by buying SMR licenses from a large
number of private radio service providers
20

 ISM Bands - Industrial/Scientific/Medical

902-928 MHz, 2400-2484 MHz, & 5725-5850 MHz
Garbage bands
spread spectrum modulation
Transmit (Tx) power level < 1 W

Remote meter reading

Wireless medical monitors
Digital cordless telephones
Big new application: Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs)
21

 Cellular Phone
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
824-849 MHz
Reverse Channel: Transmit from mobile to
fixed base station
869-894 MHz
Forward Channel: Transmit from base station
to mobile
FCC mandated duopoly in Major Trading Areas
(MTAs)
MTA = 51 largest U.S. cities
two providers per MTA
22

 PCS Band
1.8-1.9 GHz
FCC Spectrum Auctions - $10 Billion!!
1st time spectrum sold for $$ in U.S.
It is has been hard for companies to recover this investment
A & B blocks for Major Trading Areas (MTAs)
duopoly like AMPS
C, D, E, & F blocks - Basic Trading Areas (BTAs)
BTA = 492 large rural areas (includes MTAs)
Digital cellular phone service + PCS
PCS = special services like messaging, caller ID, voice mail,
FAX, data, etc.
Compete with analog cellular and SMR services combined

23

V. Mobile Radiotelephony
The focus of this course: mobile wireless
communications.
Our predominant focus will be on mobile
cellular communications
Historically voice communications, but also
incorporating data into newer generation
systems.

24

 But we will also take a substantial look at Wireless

LANs
Have grown quickly over the past couple of
years.
Are an important replacement opportunity for
traditional wiring in buildings.
Some are trying to make them a competitor to
cellular for data communications.
Cellular can or will provide 10s to 100s of
kilobits per second.
But if one can connect to a Wireless LAN
(either at home/office or in public hot spot
areas), 10s of Megabits per second are readily
available
25

 And below all of these technologies are

important radio transmission issues we need
to study
Radio signal propagation signal strengths varies
with distance from the transmitter, but may also
vary by large amounts over a few centimeters
Digital modulation putting data on analog
wireless signals.
Compensation for fading making channels more
reliable
Frequency reuse and sharing (multiple access
techniques) making best use of spectrum to
support multiple users.
Sharing in the time, frequency, and code domains.
26

 Early mobile phone systems used a

high power Tx to cover a large
spatial area (R = 50 km)
Half-duplex (HDX) operation
two-way communication using same
radio channel
transmit or receive only at a given time
(HDX)
push-to-talk system - CB radio

27

 Allocated spectrum determines

maximum # of simultaneous users
e.g., 10 MHz allocated BW with 100 kHz
channels = 100 simultaneous users/market

Demand was great in large cities and this

led to poor service (many blocked calls)
Spectrally inefficient system
allocated spectrum supports small # of users

28

 In 1976, Bell Mobile Phone Service

only had 12 channels for all of New
York City (10 million people), which
could acceptably only support 543
customers.
Acceptable service - Certain probability
of not being able to make a call (i.e., be
"blocked")
Given the # of customers, average
calling load per customer, # of channels
can compute blocking
29

 Cellular Concept - break coverage area

(market) into many small cell (many
transmitters) where each non-adjacent cell
will reuse different portions (not all) of
allocated spectrum
Increase spectrum efficiency
many users share same channels
Increase in required system infrastructure
(base stations)
more capital costs to provide adequate
coverage

30

BASE
STATION

31

 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

spectrum allocated by FCC in 1983
Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous
two-way communication
two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse)

Two providers for each market - duopoly

limited competition

Analog frequency modulation (FM) used

exclusively
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
one channel per pair of users

32

 USDC: U.S. Digital Cellular proposed in 1991

(D-AMPS or IS-54)
Replace single user analog channel with digital
channels that support 3 users/30 kHz channel
BW
User capacity is 3 times greater than AMPS more provider revenue ($$)
Digital modulation & speech coding allow Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3 users share one channel by using different time slots

This service is provided under the title "Digital

Cellular"
33

VI. Mobile Radio

Terminology
Table 1.4, pg.
10 - everyone is responsible for
these definitions

Mobile: high speed motion (e.g. cell phone in

car)
Portable: low speed motion (cordless phone in
home, walking)
Mobile Unit = subscriber unit = user
communication device
Transmitter (Tx) and Receiver (Rx)
Base Station: Tx/Rx on tower at center of cell
that provides service to group of mobile users
34

 Forward/Reverse Channels (a.k.a. downlink/uplink)

Forward: From base station to mobile
Reverse: From mobile to base station

Simplex (SX), Half Duplex (HDX), & Full Duplex

(FDX)
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) - Using two
separate frequency bands to provide both sides of
the duplex operation
Example: AMPS uses 824-849 MHz for reverse
channel and 869-894MHz for forward channel

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

35

36

VII. Paging Systems

One-way communication (SX)

Send short message to mobile unit (pager)
Wide area coverage
Page broadcast from many base stations
simultaneously to remote units
no information as to user location

Reliable communication everywhere (need

good Signal to Noise performance)
Requires large Tx power and low data rate (~ 2-8
kbps)
Noise has less of an effect when the data rate is lower.
Coverage needed even inside buildings w/ 20-30 dB
signal attenuation
Needs an extensive network of transmitters to
transmit the signal everywhere
37

38

VIII. Cordless Telephone

Systems
Primarily in-home use
Use ISM bands 900 MHz most popular for a
while, now 2.4 GHz is common and 5.8 GHz is
available.
Low power, limited range (~ 100 m) and
coverage, and limited mobility

39

IX. Cellular Telephone Systems

40

 Large geographic coverage

Limited frequency spectrum a
surprisingly low amount of spectrum has
been allocated for a service with such
popularity.
High user mobility
High system capacity - Large # of
simultaneous users
obtained by limiting coverage of each base
station to small area (cell)
frequency spectrum can be reused by other
non-adjacent cells in network
41

 Base station
serves mobile users in each cell
bridge between mobile unit and MSC
connected to MSC via phone line (for
example, T1 of 24 channels or T3 of
672 channels) or Line of Sight
microwave link

42

 MSC: Mobile Switching Center

controls base stations, call initiation & routing,
handoffs, etc.
connects cellular system to Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)
cellular network brains:
call initiation/setup

base station handoffs

controlling power levels in mobile units
billing information
roaming user ID and verification

Typically handles 5000 simultaneous calls supporting

100,000 cellular subscribers (at most 5% of subscribers
are assumed to be active at anyone time)
43

 Common Air Interface (CAI)

Standard mechanism used by all mobiles.
Defines 4 different channels to be used by a mobile
unit
Forward/reverse voice channels - FVC/RVC
Full Duplex communication

Forward/reverse control channels - FCC/RCC

call initiation & setup
makes up 5% of total # of available channels

One cell contains 10 to 60 voice channels and only 1

to 3 control channel pairs (F+R)
MSC broadcasts call request from PSTN over all
FCC's of all base stations to find the mobile user
44

 There are two ways to keep mobiles

connected to the best base station
1. Mobile unit monitors FCC's looking for
strongest base station (closest) and incoming
call
if FCC signal < acceptable level - mobile looks
for another base station
neighboring base stations must use same
frequencies for FCC/RCC
handoff from one base station to another occurs
when FCC signal is less than an acceptable level
45

2. Base stations (current server + adjacent

stations) monitor RCC and report mobile unit
signal strength to MSC (analog AMPS system)
if RCC signal < acceptable level - MSC initiates
handoff to one of neighboring base stations
neighboring base stations must use
different frequencies for FCC/RCC

46

 Cellular Phone Call Timing

Mobile Identification Number (MIN) is
the subscriber's telephone number
Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is device
identifier.
Station Class Mark (SCM) identifies the
class of the device, based on its
maximum transmit power level.

47

48

49

Overview of Modern
Wireless Communication
Systems

50

 Last lecture we looked at an introduction to the

course.

History
FCC and spectrum allocations.
Types of wireless applications.
Cellular concept
Paging systems
Control channels and voice channels.
Call setup procedures

This lecture provides an overview of the latest

developments in wireless communications, including
cellular, fixed wireless, and wireless local area
networks.
It focuses a lot on the different standard technologies
and the migration paths from 1st generation systems
to 2nd and 3rd generation systems.

51

I. Introduction

Cellular subscription rates

Beyond expectations note that the
below y-axis is on a log scale.

52

 Many countries see 40% increase per year.

Projected to reach 2 billion subscribers worldwide by 2006
(30% of world's population).

Wireless communication is robust.

Viable voice transport mechanism
Viable data transport mechanism
High speed data communications in addition to voice calls.
Fixed wireless
To replace fiber optic or copper lines between two points.
Inside buildings and homes
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) to connect between
computers.
Bluetooth to connect between devices and peripherals.
53

 Possible competition area: Inside buildings

1. WLANs and Bluetooth
2. Cellular Carriers

What ideas do you have of using the

benefits of both approaches? Then there
would not need to be a choice of one or
the other.
54

II. Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks

First Generation
Analog
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Multiple users are provided access to a system
by dividing the spectrum up into frequency
bands.
Different users use different frequency bands.

AMPS standard.
30 kHz voice channels

55

 Second Generation
Digital modulation
TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDD
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 3 popular
standards use this.
Signal is digitized.
Users occupy different time slots.
Example from wired telephone: Each user needs to
send an 8-bit block of digitized voice every 125
microseconds (8000 times per second).
Requirement is for 64 kbps.
One type of channel can support a data rate of
1.544 Mbps (a "T1" telephone circuit).
56

 So 24*64kbps = 1.536 Mbps, which means 24

users can be supported (with a little bit of
bandwidth used for the framing bit).
As seen in figure above, each user takes a turn
each 125 microseconds to send a burst of 8 bits.
57

 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) one

main standard uses this.
Instead of using a different time slot or frequency to
differentiate users, CDMA uses a different code.
These codes are used for Spread Spectrum Modulation.
The Tx multiplies the signal with a special code and
then the signal is transmitted. This expands (spreads)
signal BW many times. Then the signal is multiplied at
the Rx with the same code.
This then collapses (despreads) the signal back to its
original signal BW.
Other signals created with other codes just appear at
the Rx as random noise.
58

 Advantages
Resistant to narrowband interference - can only
reasonably try to affect part of the signal.
Allows multiple users with different codes to share
same range of frequencies.
The system can operate effectively at lower
Signal-to-Noise ratios, so more users can be
supported than for a non-CDMA system.
59

 Signal spreading done by using a

pseudo-noise (PN) code or sequence
Pseudo-noise means it looks like noise to
all except those who know how to
recreate the sequence.
Others cannot decode the signal
They cannot even recognize the signal
because it just looks like noise

60

 Two types of SSM

1) Direct Sequence (DS)
Multiply baseband data by a high rate signal created
with the PN code.
New signal has much higher rate.
This spreads the baseband spectrum over a wide range
of frequencies.
2) Frequency Hopping (FH)
Randomly change channel frequency with time, following
the PN code.
Spread the frequency values that are used over a wide
range.
In effect, this signal stays narrowband but moves around
a lot to use a wide band of frequencies over time.
61

 TDMA/FDD versus CDMA/FDD

Use TDMA or CDMA to separate users
Use different frequencies for forward
and reverse voice channels (FDD).

62

 4 popular standards for 2G

1.Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Eight time-slotted users for each 200 kHz
radio channel.
Deployed widely in Europe, Asia,
Australia, South America, and some parts
of the U.S. in the PCS band of spectrum.
GSM uses SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) cards that can be transferred
from phone-to-phone. Phones for other
types of technologies must be
programmed.
T-Mobile, AT&T, and Cingular in the U.S.
63

2. Interim Standard 136 (IS-136)

Also called North American Digital Cellular
(NADC)
Three time-slotted users per 30 kHz
channel
Popular in North America, South America,
and Australia.
Cingular and AT&T in the U.S. Both
companies have larger areas for their
TDMA networks

64

3. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)

Japanese standard
Similar to IS-136
4. Interim Standard 95 (IS-95)
CDMA
Also known as cdmaOne
64 users in a 1.25 MHz channel.
Can be used in 800 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands.
Sprint and Verizon in the U.S.
65

66

67

III. Evolution to 2.5G

2G Data Transmission Capabilities
2G transmits data over voice circuits
Just like a modem
Data is sent in place of voice over the same channel
bandwidth, just like voice coding rates in the table above.
Capabilities around 10 kbps.

Applications possible
Limited Internet Browsing
Short messaging
Short messaging service (SMS) in GSM.
Can send a short message to another subscriber's phone.
Popular in Europe and Japan.

68

 New standards for data over 2G

Called 2.5G technology
Allows existing 2G equipment to be
modified for higher data-rate
transmissions.
More advanced applications are possible.
Web browsing
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that allows
standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed
format.

E-mail
Mobile commerce
Location-based services (maps, directions, etc.)
69

 Japan: First country to have a

successful widespread mobile data
service.
From NTT DoCoMo
I-mode

Proprietary data service

Games
Color graphics
Interactive web page browsing at 9.6 kbps.
Surprisingly popular: 25 million subscribers
70

 Upgrade Path
A 2.5G technology must match an
upgrade path from the 2G technology
that is in place.
Same air interface
Do not want to require wholesale RF
equipment changes at the base stations.

Only require upgrades to software.

Plus addition of more equipment to
work with base station equipment.
71

72

 TDMA upgrades
Three upgrade paths for GSM
Two are also upgrades for IS-136.
1. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) for
GSM
Allows subscriber to use consecutive time slots in
TDMA.
Up to 57.6 kpbs
Four 14.4 kbps channels.

Ideal for "voice-like" services.

Since it still uses voice channel capabilities.
Streaming voice or low quality video
Interactive web sessions.

Only requires a software change at GSM base stations.

73

2. Generalized Packet Radio Service

(GPRS) for GSM and IS-136
Good for data applications
E-mail, faxes, web browsing

Sets aside groups of TDMA channels as

shared data channels.
Assumes users download much more
than they upload.
Slower data rate upload than download
74

 Shares individual radio channels and time

slots.
All data is sent as packets.
Can support many more users, since user traffic is
usually bursty.
Users transmit in short bursts and then are idle.

Completely redefined air interface to handle

packet data.
GPRS units tune into GPRS radio channels and
are "always on" to send data at any time.

75

 If all 8 time slots are taken by one

user, can achieve 171.2 kbps.
8 times 21.4 kbps (rate with error
coding)
Applications must provide their own
error correction bits.
Add additional bits (like CRC codes) to be
able to detect errors.
As part of the carried data payload in GPRS.

Also cannot achieve 171.2 kbps when

other users are also sending data, since
users share the channel.
76

 Upgrade requirements
Need connections of base stations into
a data network through routers and
Internet gateways.
New software in base station.
No change to RF hardware.

Originally designed for GSM but

upgraded to also support IS-136.

77

3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

Evolution (EDGE) for GSM and IS-136
More advanced upgrade to GSM than
GPRS.
Additional new hardware and software at
base stations.
Supports a technology path to 3G.
Uses new modulation schemes (8-PSK) that is
used in addition to GSMs standard (GMSK).

Adaptive modulation uses the best

modulation for instantaneous conditions of
the network.
78

 Much higher data rates from the new

modulation schemes and the adaptation.
Practical raw data rates up to 384 kbps.
For a single user taking a full 200 kHz GSM channel.
Can achieve several megabits per second by using
multiple GSM channels.

Although your textbook considers this a 2.5G

service, some service providers call EDGE
3G.
Carriers who offer this service (for example,
Cingular/AT&T) say it offers rates up to 135 kbps.
79

 Upgrade path from IS-95A to IS-95B for 2.5G

CDMA
Only one upgrade path for IS-95
Users can use up to 8 CDMA codes
simultaneously.
14.4 kpbs * 8 = 115.2 kbps
Practical throughput is 64 kbps that can actually be
achieved.

Also changes the method of handoff between

base stations.
What summarizes the difference between 2G and
2.5G?
What is not different between 2G and 2.5G?
80

V. Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks

Unparalleled new capabilities
Multi-megabit Internet access
Voice communication over Internet protocols
Voice-activated calls
"Always on" access
Receiving live music
Videoconferencing
Virtual home entertainment
Broadcasting
Games
Interactive video
Simultaneous voice and data
81

 For which of these applications do you believe

a great market exists and why?
New spectrum allocations are being
considered for 3G.
Two major competing camps
Based on what 2G technology is used already
by each camp.
From GSM/IS-136/PDC (by the 3G Partnership
Project for Wideband CDMA 3GPP) versus
coming from IS-95/IS-95B (by the 3G
Partnership Project for cdma2000 3GPP2).
Recall the following figure.
82

83

1. Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) or the Universal

Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
From GSM/IS-136/PDC.
Evolved since 1996.
From European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI)
Backwards compatible with GSM, IS-136, PDC,
HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE
Equipment for the previous technologies will work in
UMTS.
Network structure same as GSM.
Bit level packaging same as GSM.
84

 Up to 2.048 Mbps per user.

If user is stationary.
Up to 8 Mbps in the future.

Needs a minimum spectrum allocation of 5

MHz
Instead of 200 kHz for GSM
Requires complete change of RF equipment at
each base station.
6 times more efficient use of spectrum than GSM
Uses CDMA
85

2. cdma2000
From IS-95/IS-95B
Works within original 2G CDMA channel
bandwidth of 1.25 MHz.
Allows wireless carriers to introduce 3G in
a gradual manner.
Can introduce 3G capabilities at each cell
Do not have to change out entire base stations
Do not have to use different spectrum.

86

 First air interface: cdma2000 1xRTT

1X = one times the original IS-95 (cdmaOne) channel
bandwidth.
RTT = Radio Transmission Technology
Commonly just referred to as cdma2000 1X.
Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps.
Typical rates up to 144 kbps
Depends on number of users.
Depends on velocity of the user.
Depends on the propagation conditions.
Uses rapidly adjusting rates.
No additional RF equipment is needed.
All changes made in software or with additional hardware.
87

 cdma2000 1xEV
EV = Evolutionary enhancement
High data rate packet standard overlaid on existing IS-95,
IS-95B, and cdma2000 networks.
1xEV-DO
Data only channel
Restricts a shared 1.25 MHz channel strictly to data
users.
Supports greater than 2.4 Mbps throughput per user.
Actual data rates usually much lower.
Typical: Several hundred kbps.
Highly dependent on number of users, propagation
conditions, and velocity of mobile.
88

 1xEV-DV
Data and voice channel
144 kbps with twice as many voice channels
as IS-95B.

Verizon advertises its EV-DO as having

average speeds ranging from 300 kpbs
to 1 Mbps.
Verizon and Sprint both offering this service
and have the highest rates in the industry
Highly dependent on number of users,
propagation conditions, and velocity of
mobile.
89

 Ultimate 3G CDMA
Multicarrier 3x and beyond.
3xRTT uses three adjacent 1.25 MHz
channels.
Three channels can be operated
simultaneously in parallel.

What summarizes the differences in

2.5G and 3G?
90

VI. Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

Rapid growth of demand for Internet connectivity
Can use wireless connections where there is inadequate
telecommunications infrastructure.
Particularly in developing nations.
Inexpensive
Rapidly deployable
One broadband Internet connection could handle all needs for
a home or office.
Voice, data, cable, Internet, etc.
Local loop
Old telephone term for a loop of copper to connect a
telephone to a telephone central office.
Now used to mean a "last-mile" connection to a home or
office.
91

92

Fixed wireless
Much more predictable wireless channel.
No mobility.
Time-invariant
Uses high frequencies
28 GHz and higher
Allows very high gain directional antennas to be used.
Antennas can be of small physical size.
Tens or hundreds of megabits per second are possible
without distortion.
Line-of-sight
Much like light.
Cannot have any obstructions in between Tx and Rx.
Can be affected by weather.
93

94

95

 The IEEE 802.16 Standard has recently

been developed for WLL
Which they call Broadband Wireless
Access
Also called WirelessMAN for a Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network.
WiMax 802.16e Mobility for Data
can create city-wide networks, incomparison
with WLANs with ranges of only 100 meters.

See
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/inde
x.html
96

VII. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Local Area Networks on the order of 100
meters or less in diameter.
Use unlicensed spectrum
So owner does not need a license to set up a
WLAN.
Unlicensed use has been encouraged through
lots of spectrum allocation at several
frequency levels .
ISM band- 902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.4835 GHz,
5.725-5.825 GHz

97

 IEEE 802.11
Predominant standard in the U.S.
Uses CDMA
802.11 2 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band
802.11b 11 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, in addition to 2
Mbps in 2.4 GHz band
Named Wi-Fi by the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance (www.wi-fi.com)
Goal is to promote interoperability between vendors
(interoperability between one vendors wireless card
and a different vendors wireless access point).

98

 802.11a 54 Mbps in 5 GHz band with much

shorter range (only about 1/3 the range of
802.11b).
Use OFDM

802.11g 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz

Called Further Higher Data Rate Extension in
the 2.4 GHz Band.
Uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) to achieve much higher rates.
Equipment is less expensive to produce for
2.4 GHz.
Much WLAN equipment is now being sold for
802.11g.
99

 802.11n Just started considering

proposals for much higher data rates.
802.11b and 802.11g only actually achieve
of their raw data rates.
Goals are in excess of 100 Mbps.
Uses Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO)
technology (more than one TX antenna,
more than one RX antenna)
MIMO Makes use of the concept of diversity
(studied later in the semester) to overcome
propagation impairments.

100

 And 802.11i is addressing an important

non-radio issue - security.
Also 802.11e (quality of service), 802.11f
(roaming) and 802.11x (security keys)!

HIPERLAN
High Performance Radio Local Area
Network
European standard
Current standard: Up to 20 Mbps
HIPERLAN/2: Up to 54 Mbps
101

 Standards might eventually converge to

one WLAN standard, or 802.11 may just
win.
WLAN performance depends heavily on
how well the WLAN is installed.
Needs good placement of equipment.
Author discusses tools for easy and effective
installation based on a building floor plan.
102

103

VIII. Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)

Removing the Wire

Ability to replace cumbersome cords
Printer cables
Headphone cables
Mouse cables

Ability to move equipment throughout an office.

Bluetooth
Open standard
Embraced by over 1,000 manufacturers.
Uses an Ad-hoc network approach
Important concept in wireless communication.
Seen in WLANs, military applications, etc.
104

 In "ad hoc networks" devices talk to whatever

other devices they can talk to.
Ad hoc - Formed for or concerned with one specific
purpose (usually also considered temporary).
Networks of devices that are all peers and talk to
whoever is near enough.
As devices move, they change their connections
with other devices.
Why would Bluetooth want to use an ad-hoc
approach?
105

 May have to send data through a sequence of

neighbors to reach and end destination.
No "base station" concept.
Ad hoc networking is a very popular research
topic ad hoc routing, quality of service,
sensor networks, power management, etc.

Bluetooth is named after King Harold

Bluetooth, the 10th century Viking who
united Denmark and Norway.
Goal is to unify the connectivity chores of
appliances.
106

 Within 10 meter range.

Uses 2.4 GHz ISM unlicensed band
Uses frequency hopping spread spectrum
(1600hops/sec).
Symbol rate 1Mbps using GFSK modulation

Wearable computers
New opportunities for computers that are worn.
PDAs, cell phones, smart cards, position location
devices all could be wireless.
In a Personal Area Network (PAN)
107

108

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Dual Band/Dual Mode Cellular

Phones
Dual Band Phone: Supports both bands 800 MHz
and 1900 MHz

Dual Mode Phone:

Access

Supports both FDMA and TDMA

Technologies

Dual Band/Dual Mode Phone: Supports both

Bands and Both Access Technologies

Tri-Mode Phone: It can Support

FDMA/TDMA/CDMA all Access Tech. A popular version of

Tri-Mode Cellular Phone is the one which supports GSM
[800 MHz as well as 1900 MHz (USA version)] as well as
FDMA.

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Trends in Cellular radio and

Personal Communications

PCS/PCN: PCS calls for more personalized services

whereas PCN refers to Wireless Networking Concept-any

person, anywhere, anytime can make a call using PC.
PCS and PCN terms are sometime used interchangeably
IEEE 802.11: A standard for computer
communications using wireless links[inside building].
ETSIs 20 Mbps HIPER LAN: Standard for indoor
Wireless Networks
IMT-2000 [International Mobile Telephone-2000
Standard]: A 3G universal, multi-function, globally
compatible Digital Mobile Radio Standard is in making
Satellite-based Cellular Phone Systems
A very good Chance for Developing Nations to
Improve their Communication Networks

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Important First Generation

Analog Systems
Type
AMPS
ETACS
NTT
Region

America

Europe

Japan

Multiple
access

FDMA

FDMA

FDMA

Duplexing

FDD

FDD

FDD

Forward band

869 - 894
MHz

935 960
MHz

870 885
MHz

Reverse band

824 849
MHz

890 915
MHz

925 940
MHz

Channel
spacing

30 KHz

25 KHz

25 KHz

No. of
channels

831

1000

600

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Important Second Generation

Digital
Systems
Type
IS-54
IS-95
GSM
PDC
Region

America

America

Europe

Japan

Multiple
access
/Duplexing

TDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD

TDMA/FDD

TDMA/FDD

Modulation

/4 DQPSK

QPSK/OQPSK

GMSK

/4 DQPSK

Forward Band

869 - 894
MHz

869 - 894
MHz

935 960
MHz

810 826
MHz

Reverse Band

824 849
MHz

824 849
MHz

890 915
MHz

940 956
MHz

Channel
Spacing

30 KHz

1.25 MHz

200 KHz

25 KHz

Data/chip Rate 48.6 Kbps

1.2288 Mcps

270.833
Kbps

42 Kbps

Codec Rate
Kbps

7.95

1.2/2.4/4.8/9. 13.4
6

6.7

Users/channel

Up to 55

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Difference Between First &

Second Generation Systems
Traffic Channels 1G systems use analog FM

modulation; 2G systems use low bit-rate voice coding and

digital transmission
Channel Access 2G systems allow each frequency
channel to be shared by a number of users, using TDMA or
CDMA techniques
Error Detection and Correction 2G digital traffic
channels incorporate FEC for error detection and correction,
giving higher power and bandwidth efficiency
Encryption all 2G systems provide encryption to
prevent eavesdropping

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

World-wide Subscriber Base as

a Function of Technology (June
2006)

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

GSM (Global System for Mobile)

Groupe Special Mobile later changed to Global
System for Mobile

Developed by ETSI as a pan-European 2G mobile standard

Standard activity started in 1982, deployed in 1992
A complete system standard for ISDN-like mobile services

Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)

900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz
Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
GSM is dominant world standard today

Well defined interfaces; many competitors

Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

GSM Growth From 1993 to

June 2006

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

North American Standards

Published by the Telecommunications Industry

Association (TIA) as Interim Standards (IS)
2G air interface standards (PCS) include

IS-54/136 TDMA over 30 KHz channels

IS-95 CDMA standard developed by Qualcomm in 1991 and
adopted by TIA in 1993

IS-634 standard for MSC-BSC interface

IS-41 standard for MSC-MSC interface
Services, interoperability, compatibility and performance
issues are addressed by TR-45/46 committees
TR-45/46 reference model is similar to the GSM
architectural model

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Properties of CDMA Cellular

Frequency Diversity frequency-dependent transmission
impairments have less effect on wide-band signal
Multipath Resistance can use RAKE receiver to coherently
combine multipath signals
Privacy privacy is inherent since spread spectrum is obtained
by use of noise-like signals
Graceful Degradation system only gradually degrades as
more users access the system
Soft Handoff mobile acquires new cell before disconnecting
from the old; diversity combining of signals from the two cells
enhance performance
Near-far Problem without power control, signals from MS
closer to the BS will overwhelm signals from MS farther away

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Problems with CDMA Cellular

Self-Jamming arriving transmissions from multiple users not
aligned on chip boundaries unless users are perfectly
synchronized
Near-far Problem signals closer to the receiver are received
with less attenuation than signals farther away
Soft Handoff requires that the mobile acquires the new cell
before it relinquishes the old; this is more complex than hard
handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

1G and 2G Voice Centric

Systems

Cellular coverage is designed for voice service

Area outage, e.g. < 10% or < 5%.
Minimal, but equal, service everywhere
Cellular systems are designed for voice
20 ms framing structure
Strong FEC, interleaving and decoding delays
Spectral Efficiency
around 0.04-0.07 bps/Hz/sector
comparable for TDMA and CDMA

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

3G Vision Multimedia (Voice,

Data,
and Video)
Universal global
roaming
Multimedia (voice, data & video)
Increased data rates
384 kbps while moving
2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations

Increased capacity (more spectrally

efficient)
IP architecture
Problems
No killer application for wireless data as yet
Vendor-driven

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Standardization Bodies
ITU (International Telecommunication
Union)
Radio standards and spectrum

IMT-2000
ITUs umbrella name for 3G which stands for
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

National and regional standards bodies

are collaborating in 3G partnership
projects
ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI

3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)

Focused on evolution of access and core
networks

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

IMT-2000 Vision-Integration of
Services and Networks
Global
Satellite
Suburban

Macrocell

Urban

Microcell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

In-Building

Picocell

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

IMT-2000 Radio Standards

IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels;
sometimes called 2.75G

IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000

Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne

IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA

New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD

IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA

New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD
New from China; TD-SCDMA

IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Cellular Network Evolution Path

3G
2.75G
Intermediate
Multimedia

2.5G
2G

Multimedia

Packet Data

Digital Voice

1G
Analog Voice

GPRS

GSM

EDGE

W-CDMA
(UMTS)

384 Kbps

Up to 2 Mbps

115 Kbps

NMT

9.6 Kbps

GSM/
GPRS

TD-SCDMA

(Overlay)
115 Kbps

2 Mbps?

TDMA
TACS

9.6 Kbps

iDEN
9.6 Kbps

iDEN
PDC

(Overlay)

9.6 Kbps

AMPS

CDMA 1xRTT

CDMA

PHS

1984 - 1996+

14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps

1992 - 2000+

PHS
(IP-Based)

144 Kbps

64 Kbps

2001+

2003+

cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps

2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Cellular Network Evolution PathFirst Generation Second Generation

Third
Fourth Generation
2 Generation
Mobile Telephone
Service

Analog Cellular
Technology
Macrocellular
Technology

Advanced Wireless
Voice Services

Integrated Voice/Data
& Wireless/Wireline

Wireless Data
Services

Multimedia Services

Digital Cellular
Technology

Broader Bandwidth Channels

with High Spectrum Efficiency

Microcellular &
Picocellular
Technologies
Wireless Intelligent
Network

Mid-80s
NMT
TACS
Analog AMPS

Mid-90s
GSM
IS-54/ 136 TDMA
IS-95/ cdmaOne
PDC
DECT

Location Services

Advanced Network/Software
Architectures
Advanced Coding & Signal
Processing Techniques
Intelligent Antennas

Tele-Presenting
Distance Learning
Intelligent Agent
Services

Knowledge-Based
Network Operations
Unified Service
Networks

Wideband Radios

Year 2000+
W-CDMA
UWC-136
cdma2000

Year 2010 ?

Source: IEEE Communications Magazi

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

High Speed Circuit Switched

Data (HSCSD) for 2.5G GSM
Part of GSM Phase 2 development
Use dedicated TDMA time slots for circuit switched data
Each time slot yields a data rate of 14.4 Kbps
Up to 4 time slots can be used for a data rate up to 57.6 Kbps
HSCSD connection using multiple time slots can be pre-empted by
voice calls to give up the extra slots
Suitable for streaming data applications such as digital audio/video
Inefficient for applications with bursty data traffic, such as Web surfing
The service is not widely supported

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

General Packet Radio Service

(GPRS) for 2.5G GSM
Part of GSM Phase 2 development
Also supported by IS-136 TDMA in N. America
Use shared TDMA time slots for packet switched data
MS uses a reservation MAC protocol to indicate needs for data

bandwidth to BSC which schedules reserved time slots for the MS

Up to 8 time slots can be used for a data rate up to 171.2 Kbps; in
practice MSs are not assigned 8 time slots
GPRS using multiple time slots can be pre-empted by HSCSD or voice
calls to give up the extra slots
Much more efficient for applications with bursty data traffic, such as
Web surfing

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution (EDGE) for 2.5G GSM
Provides an evolution path from existing GSM/TDMA standards to
deliver 3G services in existing spectrum bands
Reuses GSM carrier bandwidth and time slot structure
Can be introduced in GSM using a minimum of only one time slot
per BS
Reuse of existing GSM and TDMA/IS-136 infrastructure
Can be deployed using as little as 600 kHz of total bandwidth
384 Kbps data capability to satisfy the IMT-2000 requirements for
pedestrian (microcell) and low speed vehicular (macrocell)
environments
144 Kbps data capability for high speed vehicular environment

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

3G WCDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons

Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)

Committed standard for Europe and likely

migration path for other GSM operators
Leverages GSMs dominant position

Requires substantial new spectrum

5 MHz each way (symmetric)

Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere

Sales of new spectrum completed in
Europe
At prices that now seem exorbitant

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

3G cdma2000

Specification developed by the Third Generation Partnership

Project 2 (3GPP2)
CDMA 2000 1x
currently deployed as 2.5G overlay on IS 95 systems
1.25 MHz channel bandwidth same as IS 95
max data rate 144 Kbps now increasing to 307 Kbps in the future

CDMA 2000 1xEV (evolution using 1x channel bandwidth)

1xEV-DO data only, 384 Kbps - 2.4 Mbps max
1xEV-DV for data and voice, specified by 2003/4, up to 4.8 Mbps

CDMA 2000 3x uses 3x1.25 MHz bandwidth, 2-4 Mbps

CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO and CDMA 2000 3x are ITU
approved, IMT-2000 (3G) standards

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

3G cdma2000 Pros and Cons

Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95

Better migration story from 2G to 3G

cdmaOne operators dont need additional
spectrum
1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS,
i.e. W-CDMA

Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)

Arguable (and argued!)

CDMA2000 core network less mature

cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific
Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/
3GPP2

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

3G TD-SCDMA (Time-Division,
Synchronous CDMA)
Time division duplex (TDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
Chinese development
Will be deployed in China

Good match for asymmetrical traffic!

Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
Costs relatively low
Handset smaller and may cost less
Power consumption lower
TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency

Power amplifiers must be very linear

Relatively hard to meet specifications

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Major 3G Standardization
Standard
Organization
Region
Bodies
and Forums
International Telecommunications
Union (ITU)
European Telecommunications
Standard Institute (ETSI)
Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA)
Association of Radio Industries and
Business (ARIB)
American National Standard Institute
(committee T1P1)

International
Europe
North America
Japan
North America

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Major 3G Standardization
Bodies and Forums-Contd
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

Focus on setting global standard for UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access (UTRA)
Involve ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), T1P1 (USA), etc.

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)

Focus on setting global standard for cdma2000
More of a N. American focus

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

UTRA Parameters
Official name
Uplink frequency
Downlink
frequency
Carrier spacing
Duplex scheme
Chip rate
Modulation
Frame length
Time slots/frame

UTRA FDD
IMT-DS

UTRA TDD
IMT-TC

1920 - 1980 MHz 2010 - 2025 MHz

2110 - 2170 MHz 2010 - 2025 MHz
5 MHz
FDD

5 MHz
TDD

3.84 Mcps
QPSK

3.84 Mcps
QPSK

10 ms
N/A

10 ms
15

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Mobile Wireless Spectrum

Bands
(MHz)

Frequencies
(MHz)

450
480
800
900
1500
1700
1800
1900

450-467
478-496
824-894
880-960

2100
2500

1750-1870
1710-1880
1850-1990
1885-2025 &
2100-2200
2500-2690

Regions
Europe
Europe
America
Europe/APAC
Japan PDC
Korea
Europe/APAC
America
Europe/APAC
ITU Proposal

GSM/
EDGE

WCDMA CDMA2000

x
x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Prospectus for Global Roaming

Multiple vocoders (AMR, EVRC, SMV,)
Six or more spectral bands
800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, ? MHz

At least four modulation variants

GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA

The handset approach

Advanced silicon
Software defined radio
Improved batteries

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Biggest Threats to Todays 3GWireless LANs

Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when
stationary

Data experience matches the Internet

With the added convenience of mobile
Same user interface (doesnt rely on small
screens)
Same programs, files, applications, Websites.

Low cost, low barriers to entry

Organizations can build own networks
Like the Internet, will grow virally

Opportunity for entrepreneurs!

Opportunity for wireless operators?

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Wireless Local Area Networks

(WLANs)

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Wireless LAN Standards

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Bluetooth

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Ultra-Wideband Radio (UWB)

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Why UWB is more Interesting?

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

IEEE 820.15.4 (ZigBee Radios)

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

WLANs Data Rates

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

WLANs Range

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

WLANs Power Dissipation

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Technology Trends

Improvements in system capacity through advanced signaling,

detection and signal processing techniques:
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM
Turbo coding
Multiple-user detection (interference cancellation)
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing
Software radio
Improvements in features and capabilities for better services:
Full integration into the Internet for multimedia services
Seamless roaming between cellular, wireless LAN, and satellite
networks

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

Beyond 3G?
Need to provide: beyond data

Higher data rates (at least on downlink)

More multimedia contents
Voice, data, video, WWW access.
broadcast as well as cellular

Wideband (10 MHz or more)

Main Candidates

WOFDM
WCDMA
Multi-Carrier CDMA
Other???

How will these systems access the Internet

and coexist with wireless LANs?

Cellular Mobile
Communications-I
An Introduction

In Short

Wireless data and multimedia are the main

drivers for future generations of cellular systems
Several competing standards (as in 2G)
Evolutionary path unclear
Killer application unknown
What do mobile users want?

Will wireless LANs or cellular systems

dominate the future wireless data landscape?

Wireless Local
Loop (WLL)

Presentation Outline
What is WLL?
Differences with mobile cellular
systems
Why WLL?

System Analysis
examples

The future of WLL

Definition
What is WLL?
- WLL is a system that connects
subscribers
to the local telephone
station wirelessly.
Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular
Satellite (specific and adjunct)
Microcellular

Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL)
Fixed-Radio Access (FRA).

A general WLL setup

WLL services
Desirable:
Wireless feature should be transparent
Wireline Custom features

Other:
Business related
Hunt groups,
Call transfers
Conference calling

Calling cards, coin phones

V.29 (9600bps)
ISDN (64kbps)

WLL should provide

Toll-quality service
Expand from a central office to about
5 miles
Low license cost
Subscriber costs equivalent or better
than copper

Ideas for U.S. market

Supplement Copper Lines
Easier third telephone line
Data service

Fixed Mobile Users

Take phone wherever you want /
charged on 2 levels
home could mean neighborhood
Charged regular mobile rate if youre on
the road

Cost Considerations

Wireless cost is constant over distance for WLL

Wireline depends on distance AND terrain

Situations made for WLL

Environments where 3rd line is degraded
might be cheaper to go wireless
Where its impossible to lay copper (3rd
world, small islands)
Business parks, industrial areas
Speedy deployment, stop gap
application till wireline is in
90-120 days for activation

Developed vs. Developing

Developed: Wireline service
Firmly established, cellular penetration is
relatively high
Incumbent operator would use it to install
2nd, 3rd lines, coverage to rural areas
2nd or 3rd competitive operator deploy it
for fast & cost effective deployment
Quick way to establish market presence
cellular complement to their offerings

Developed vs. Developing

Developing
Quick & easy to deploy in countries with
little copper line service, so as to
accommodate people on enormous
waiting lists for basic service
Low maintenance costs
Allows more competition in provider
market

Examples
UK
150 PTOs have licenses for wireless
Focus on regional networks
WLL Commercial services
Ionica, Atlantic Telecom, Scottish Telecom

Poland

Most exciting market in eastern Europe

Local loop is the bottleneck
150,000 WLL lines since 1996 (15% of new)
Ericsson, Motorola contracts

Connection Setup
UWLL

WANU

PSTN

Trunk

Switch
function

Transceiver
WLL
Controller

AM
HLR

WASU

Air
Interface

TWLL

Wireless Access Network Unit(WANU)

Wireless Access Subscriber
Unit(WASU)
Interface between underlying
telephone
network and wireless located at the subscriber
link
translates wireless link into a
consists of
traditional
telephone
Base Station Transceivers (BTS)
connection
Radio Controller(RPCU)
Access Manager(AM)
Home Location Register(HLR)

Important Results of Fixed to Fixed Propagation in

WLLs

Signal channel is not a Rayleigh fading

channel:
Power control algorithms are simpler and can be
utilized more effectively

Channel Randomness is lost:

Makes analysis difficult

Pathloss exponent is considerably smaller

(Why?):
20dB/dec compared to 40dB/dec
Decreases cell capacity
Allows for larger coverage area

Fixed to Fixed
Propagation(contd)

No handoffs necessary:
Decreases hardware costs and system complexity
Increases quality of service through accurate traffic
predictions
Allows usage of directional antennas:
Can greatly reduce interference and increase cell
capacity
30dB

10dB

-30dB
0o

-40dB
0o

60o

BS antenna

120o 180o

Subscriber antenna

In-Cell Interference (CDMA)

I = (Nh 1)S NhS
voice activity factor
h = total # of houses
S = power received at cell site from every
house

Out-of-Cell Interference
Pathloss: 20dB/dec as opposed to
40dB/dec
need to take in account more tiers
Only from houses whose antennas
are directed at the center cell base
station

Interference from Another

Cell
Blue area is region of

interferers for C
It is Not a perfect pie shape
If w = (1/2)*(antenna width)
(in radians)
W = w+2sin-1((R/D)sin(w/2))
If w<<1 and R<<D:
W = w (1+(R/D))
is the pie arc length

Per-Tier Interference
Integration over W and all the cells at tier n yields:
In = [NhSw/(3sqrt(3))][1/n]
for n>4
Interference is proportional to antenna width w
and inversely proportional to the tier number.
Decreasing the antenna width can greatly reduce
interference.
As the number of tiers approaches infinity, so
does the total interference. Therefore, system
capacity is a function of the total number of tiers
in the system.

Capacity comparison
for 5 MHz spectrum allocation
Detail

IS-95 CDMA

IS-136 TDMA

ETSI (GSM)

Mobile

WLL

Mobile

WLL

Mobile

WLL

Chan. BW
(kHz)

1250

1250

30

30

200

200

# channels

167

167

25

25

Eb/N0

7 dB

6dB

18dB

14dB

12dB

12dB

Freq. Reuse

Effective Chan.
Per sect.

7.95

13.92

2.78

2.78

Erlangs per cell

Per MHz

38.3

48.7

9.84

19.6

9.12

9.12

Comparison
WLL

Mobile
Wireless

Wireline

Good LOS
component

Mainly diffuse
components

No diffuse
components

Rician fading

Rayleigh fading

No fading

Narrowbeam
directed antennas

Omnidirectional
antennas

Expensive wires

High Channel reuse Less Channel reuse

Reuse Limited by
wiring

Simple design,
constant channel

Expensive DSPs,
power control

Expensive to build
and maintain

Low in-premises
mobility only, easy
access

High mobility
allowed, easy
access

Low in-premises
mobility, wiring of
distant areas
cumbersome

Weather conditions
effects

Not very reliable

Very reliable

Examples of services
provided
Marconi WipLL (wireless IP local loop)
Based on Frequency hopping CDMA
Internet Protocol 64kbps to 2.4Mbps rates
Committed Information Rate or best effort service

Lucent WSS (wireless subscriber system)

800 to 5000 subscribers per switch
Uses FDMA/FDD 12 Km to 40Km coverage

GoodWin WLL
DECT standards
9.6 kbps rate
Specified conditions -5...+55, 20...75% humidity

Future of WLL / Overview

Depends on
economic development
existing infrastructure of a region

Offers
market competition
quick deployment
relatively reliable service at low costs

Forecasts

800M projected new lines by 2002

685M in developing countries

References
http://www.tenet.res.in/Papers/wll/iete1.html
http://bicsi.org/Wireless2/index.htm
http://sss-mag.com/wlltutor.html
http://www.cdg.org/
http://www.voicendata.com/may98/will.html
http://www.cdg.org/tech/wll.asp
http://www.motorola.com/NSS/Press/press_archive_1997/19970826a.html
http://www.mobilemark.com/WLL_antennas.html
http://www.atdi.co.uk/t_wll.htm
http://www.lucent.com/wireless/
http://www.art-telecom.fr/communiques/pressrelease/98-13a.htm
http://www.fcr.fr/en/savoirfaire/blr.htm
http://www.citi.columbia.edu/wireless/col_1096.htm
http://www.telecomresearch.com/tutorials.html
http://www.kyocera.co.jp/frame/product/telecom/english/wll/index.htm
http://www.americasnetwork.com/issues/96issues/961101/110196_wll.html
http://208.220.133.42/issues/199803/tci/bout.html

REFERENCES
http://www.smartrunk.com/WLL/SSIWLL.html
http://www.amd.pl/products/cpd/prodover/wllsol.html
http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/class/6K251_park/Student-Reports/ymao/index.html
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/5002/13722/00632520.pdf
http://www.ece.queensu.ca/dept/vpoor.pdf
http://www.mprg.ee.vt.edu/tech_xfer/ppt/EmergingTechnology.pdf
http://www.carlsontech.com/manual15.html
http://www.corporateinformation.com/data/statusa/china/chinavsat.html
http://www.hindubusinessline.com/2001/01/09/stories/14096802.htm
http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/brazil/mrr/mark0115.html
http://www.atdi.com/99/p_wll.htm
http://www.marconi.com/html/news/libertywlltrials.htm
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/359563.html
http://www.corporateinformation.com
http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee359/
http://www.alcatel.com/telecom/asd/products/groups/access/wireless/wllacc1.htm
http://www.goodwin.ru:8086/products/wll/
http://www.goodwin.ru:8086/dect.html (DECT standard)