Paired Sample t-Test
(Ujian-t sampel padanan)
Muhamad Razif Bin Kassim
Mohd Azhar Bin Ahmad
Nurul Munirah
Nik Suwaibah
When to use the paired t-test
The Paired Samples t Test compares two means
that are from the same individual, object, or related
units.
The two means typically represent two different
times (e.g., pre-test and post-test with an
intervention between the two time points) or two
different but related conditions or units (e.g., left
and right ears, twins).
The purpose of the test is to determine whether
there is statistical evidence that the mean
difference between paired observations on a
particular outcome is significantly different from
zero.
2
The Paired Samples t Test is a parametric test.
This test is also known as:
Dependent t Test
Paired t Test
Repeated Measures t Test
The variable used in this test is known as:
Dependent variable, or test variable
(continuous), measured at two different times or
for two related conditions or units
3
Common Uses
The Paired Samples t Test is commonly
used to test the following:
Statistical difference between two time
points
Statistical difference between two
conditions
Statistical difference between two
measurements
Statistical difference between a matched
pair
4
Common Uses
The Paired Samples t Test can only compare the
means for two (and only two) related (paired) units
on a continuous outcome that is normally
distributed.
The Paired Samples t Test is not appropriate for
analyses involving the following:
1) unpaired data
2) comparisons between more than two
units/groups
3) a continuous outcome that is not normally
distributed
4) an ordinal/ranked outcome.
5
Data Requirements
Your data must meet the following requirements:
1. Dependent variable that is continuous (i.e., interval
or ratio level)
2. Related samples/groups (i.e., dependent
observations)
3. Random sample of data from the population
4. Normal distribution (approximately) of the
difference between the paired values
5. No outliers in the difference between the two
related groups
6
Data Requirements
The paired measurements must be recorded in
two separate variables.
The subjects in each sample, or group, are the
same. This means that the subjects in the first
group are also in the second group.
When testing assumptions related to normality
and outliers, you must use a variable that
represents the difference between the paired
values - not the original variables themselves.
7
Data Requirements
When one or more of the assumptions for
the Paired Samples t Test are not met, you
may want to run the nonparametric
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test instead.
Hypotheses
The hypotheses can be expressed in two
different ways that express the same idea
and are mathematically equivalent:
H0: 1 = 2 ("the paired population
means are equal")
H1: 1 2 ("the paired population
means are not equal")
OR
9
Hypotheses
H0: 1 - 2 = 0 ("the difference
between the paired population means is
equal to 0")
H1: 1 - 2 0 ("the difference between
the paired population means is not 0")
where
1 is the population mean of variable 1
2 is the population mean of variable 2
10
Test Statistic
The test statistic for the Paired Samples
t Test, denoted t, follows the same formula
as the one sample t test.
where
diff 0
t
sx
s
sdiff
n
11
Test Statistic
where
diff
= Sample
mean of the differences
= Sample
size
n
s
diff
= Sample
standard deviation of the
differences
= Estimated
standard error of the
mean
12
Test Statistic
The calculated t value is then compared to
the critical t value with df = n - 1 from
the t distribution table for a chosen
confidence level.
If the calculated t value is greater than the
critical t value, then we reject the null
hypothesis (and conclude that the means
are significantly different).
13
Data Set-Up
Your data should include two variables
(represented in columns) that will be used in the
analysis.
The two variables should represent the paired
variables for each subject (row).
If your data are arranged differently, simply
restructure the data to reflect this format.
14
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
To run a Paired Samples t Test in SPSS,
click Analyze > Compare Means > PairedSamples T Test.
15
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
The Paired-Samples T Test window opens
where you will specify the variables to be used
in the analysis.
All of the variables in your dataset appear in
the list on the left side.
Move variables to the right by selecting them in
the list and clicking the blue arrow buttons.
16
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
You will specify the paired variables in
the Paired Variables area.
17
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
Pair:
The Pair column represents the number of
Paired Samples t Tests to run.
You may choose to run multiple Paired
Samples t Tests simultaneously by selecting
multiple sets of matched variables.
Each new pair will appear on a new line.
18
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
Variable1:
The first variable, representing the first group
of matched values.
Move the variable that represents the first
group to the right where it will be listed beneath
the Variable1column.
19
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
Variable2:
The second variable, representing the second
group of matched values.
Move the variable that represents the second
group to the right where it will be listed beneath
theVariable2 column.
20
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
Options:
Clicking Options will open a window where
you can specify the Confidence Interval
Percentage and how the analysis will
address Missing Values (i.e., Exclude cases
analysis by analysis or Exclude cases
listwise).
Click Continue when you are finished making
specifications.
21
Run A Paired Samples t-Test
Click OK to run the Paired Samples t Test.
22
Thank you
23
