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The document discusses various soil engineering concepts for highway design including the origin and formation of soils, soil classification systems, basic engineering properties of soils like permeability and shear strength, soil surveys using methods like resistivity and seismic testing, soil compaction including optimum moisture content, and special soil tests for pavement design such as the California Bearing Ratio test. It provides information on evaluating and testing various soil types to determine their engineering characteristics and suitability for highway construction.

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Jeffjr Vallente
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140 views56 pages

4.0 Unbound Materials

The document discusses various soil engineering concepts for highway design including the origin and formation of soils, soil classification systems, basic engineering properties of soils like permeability and shear strength, soil surveys using methods like resistivity and seismic testing, soil compaction including optimum moisture content, and special soil tests for pavement design such as the California Bearing Ratio test. It provides information on evaluating and testing various soil types to determine their engineering characteristics and suitability for highway construction.

Uploaded by

Jeffjr Vallente
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unbound Material

Engr. Jefferson R. Vallente Jr.


Asst. Instructor , Civil Engineering Department

Soil Engineering for Highway Design


Review Concepts:
Soil Characteristics
Origin and Formation of Soils
Surface Texture
Classification of Soils for Highway Use
AASHTO
USCS

Basic Engineering Properties of Soils


Phase Relations
Atterberg Limit
Basic Engineering Properties of Soils

Soil Engineering for Highway Design


Soil Survey for Highway Construction
Geophysical Methods of Soil Exploration
Resistivity method
Seismic method

Soil Compaction
Optimum Moisture Content
Field Compaction Procedures and Equipment

Special Soil Test for Pavement Design


California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
Hveem Stabilometer Test

Soil Characteristics: Origin and


Formation of Soils
Soil, loose mass
of mineral and
organic materials
that cover the
solid crust of
granitic and
basaltic rocks of
the earth.
Formed through
weathering
Mechanical
Weathering
Chemical
Weathering

(e.g. Mangima,
Bukidnon)
(e.g. Most rivers and
beaches)

Surface Texture
Shape
and size of the soil

particles and distribution.


Fine-textured soils
Silts and clays

Coarse-textured soils
Sands and gravel

Max. diameter of particles in


suspension at a depth:
; Based on Stokes Law
where:
D, Max. dia. Of particles in suspension
,coefficient of depth y
t, time from start of the test

Basic Engineering Properties of Soils


Phase
Relations
: Porosity
Phase
Relations
: Void
Ratio

Basic Engineering Properties of Soils


And,
Similarly,
Moisture Content
Where:
,weight of moist soil+container
, weight of dry soil+container
, weight of container

Basic Engineering Properties of Soils


Degree of saturation
Total Density
;
Dry Density
Submerged Density
Other useful Relationships

Basic Engineering Properties of Soils

Atterberg Limits

A. Liquid Limit
Test Number
Number of blows
Weight of Wet
Soil+Container, g
Weight of Soil+Container,
g
Weight of container, g
Weight of Water, g (Wet Soil -

39
28
19
13
23.43 21.05 21.40 22.50
20.21 18.32 18.65 19.43
12.74 12.43 13.11 13.54
3.22
2.73
2.75
3.07

Dry Soil)

Weight of Dry Soil, g (Soil Container)


Liquid Limit is set at 25
Water
Content,
%
blows,
either done
(Water/Soil)
graphically using
logarithmic graphs or
through direct
calculation using

7.47

5.89

60
50

5.54

5.89

40

43.11 46.35 49.64 52.12


Axis Title
%
%
%
%
30
20
10
0
10

15

20

25

Axis Title

30

35

40

Problem: Plastic Limit


B. Plastic Limit and
Plastic Limit Natural
Natural Water Content
Water
Content
Test Number
1
2
1
2
Weight of Wet
23.50 23.10 17.33 17.11
Soil+Container, g
Weight of Dry
20.42 20.19 14.84 14.36
Soil+Container, g
Weight of container, g
12.45 12.54 9.76
9.34
Weight of water, g (Wet Soil - 3.08
2.91
2.49
2.75
Dry Soil)

Weight of Dry Soil, g

(Soil -

7.97

7.65

5.08

5.02

Container)

Water Content, %
(Water/Soil)

38.64 38.04 49.02


%
%
%

54.78
%

Basic Engineering Properties of


Soils
Liquidity Index

Plasticity Index
Permeability
Where:
u, velocity of water in the soil
I, hydraulic gradient
K, coefficient of permeability

Shear Strength
Where:
S, Shear Strength ()
C, Cohesion ()
, angle of internal friction
, normal stress on the shear plane ()

Shear Strength
Unbound
materials
cannot
withstand
tension, thus
meaningless to
talk of tensile
failure
But can
withstand
shear though

For pavements, beams and


bridges bending stresses are
the culprit of failure

Inter-particle slip

Shear
strain will occur in an unbound material if slip

occurs between particles


Particles must have friction and the resistance to strain
Also shape of the particle is important
At slip:
, for rock particles must be around 30-35

Angle of internal friction


Actual movements of
particles will be a
complex combination
of slip, rotation and
sideways
displacement

expressed as at shear failure:


Where:
Note:
, angle of internal friction
is not equal to
, shear stress
, normal stress across the plane

Mohr Circles (Board


Calculation)

Method in
determining shear
strength: Tri-axial Test
Shear
strength test
for a mold
soil sample

Cohesive Soil

, Cell
Pressure, Confining Pressure,
lateral pressure at failure
, Maximum
Principal shear stress at Failure stress

, Deviator
Stress

, Angle of
Plane Failure

ure
Pla
n

e
ur ope
l
i
Fa vel
En

Fa
il

Example
A sample of soil is subjected to a triaxial test. At a confining pressure of
60 kPa, the soil fails when the
plunger exerts a pressure of 80 kPa.
The plane of failure of the soil is 53.
Determine the following:
a. Cohesion of the soil
b. Normal stress at the plane of failure
c. Shearing stress at the plane of failure

Solution

Fa
il

re pe
u
l
i
Fa velo
En

ure
Pla
n

= 60 + 40 = 100 kPa
= 40csc16

1. Cohesion of the soil:


= 12.397 kPa

2. Normal Stress at plane of


= 88.975 kPa
failure:

3. Shearing Stress at the plane


of failure:

=
80 kPa

Non-Cohesive

Soil
, Cell
Pressure, Confining Pressure,

lateral pressure at failure


, Maximum
Principal shear stress at Failure stress

, Deviator
Stress

, Angle of
Plane Failure

Fa
il

re pe
u
l
i
Fa velo
En

ure
Pla
n

Example
In a tri-axial test of a cohesionless
soil, the normal and shearing
stresses at failure are 500kPa and
310kPa, respectively. Determine the
following:
a. Shearing resistance of the soil in
degrees
b. Angle of failure plane in degrees
c. Principal stress at failure in kPa.

In triangle OBA:

Angle of failure plane:


Principal stress at failure:

= 500 kPa

Fa
il

re pe
u
l
i
Fa velo
En

ure
Pla
n

Cohesion
Forms of shear strength
characteristics undrained condition

Clean Sand
Wellgraded
crushed
rock

Partially
saturated
soil

Saturated
clay

The effect of particle and mixture


properties
Parameters:
Particle shape and angularity
Particle size
Particle size distribution
Water content

AASHTO Soil Classification


System

AASHTO Soil Classification


System

USCS Soil Classification


System

USCS Soil Classification


System

USCS Soil Classification


System

USCS Soil Classification


System

USCS Soil Classification


System

Assignment: Use AASHTO (A to C) & USCS (D


to F) to classify the soil, Use Crosswise N.P.
Sieve Analysis, % Finer
Soil

No. 10

No. 40

No. 200

Liquid
Limit

Plastic
Limit

A
B
C
D
E
F

98
84
99
30
4
11

81
58
85
40
44
24

38
8
71
30
52
65

42
--55
33
29
44

23
N.P.
21
12
11
23

Soil
Surveys
Construction

Resistivity Method

for

Highway

Soil
Surveys
Construction

Seismic Method

for

Highway

Soil Surveys for Highway


Construction

Seismic Method

Soil Surveys for Highway


Construction

Where:
, time obtained from plot
, velocity of wave in underlying
stratum
, velocity wave in upper stratum , velocity of wave in third
stratum

Example: Seismic method


Estimating Depth and Soil Type of
Each Soil Stratum
Distance of Impulse to
Geophone (m)

Time for wave arrival (10-3


sec

6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
75

32
60
88
94
100
106
112
116
117
118.5
120
122

Estimating Depth and Soil Type of Each Soil


Stratum
Distance of Impulse to Geophone
140

E
120

100

80

60

40

20

A
0
32

60

88

94

100

106

112

116

117

118.5

120

122

Solution

Material

Velocity (ft/sec)

Soil
Sand, dry silt, and fine-grained top soil
Alluvium
Compacted clays, clayey gravel, and dense
clayey sand
Loess

650-3,300
1,650-6,600
3,300-8,200
800-2,450

Rock
Slate and shale
Sandstone
Granite

8,200-16,400
4,900-16,400
13,100-19,700

Soil Surveys for Highway


Construction
Soil Compaction

Soil Surveys for Highway


Construction

Optimum Moisture Content

Problem:
The results of field unit weight
determination of a soil sample using
the sand cone method is as follows:
V = 0.00134 m3
M = 2250 g

Ms = 1734 g
Dry density = 1.425 g/cc
MC = 13.8 %

Field Compaction Equipment


Spreading
Equipment
Bulldozers and
motor graders

Compaction
Equipment
Smooth wheel or
drum roller

Field Compaction Equipment


Compaction Equipment
Typical Rubber-tired roller
Typical Sheepsfoot roller

Special Soil Tests for Pavement


Design
California Bearing
Ratio (CBR) Test


Where:
R, Resistance value
Pv, vertical pressure (1100 kPa)
Ph, horizontal pressure at Pv
1100 kPa
D, number of turns of
displacement pump

Suitability Number
Backfill rating for construction:
SN

0-10

10-20

Backfill
rating

Excelle Good
nt

20-30

30-40

>50

Fair

Poor

Unsuitabl
e

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