HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

AND
INORGANIC PEROXY COMPOUND

Hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)

simplest peroxide
pure form: a clear liquid, slightly more
viscous than water.
strong oxidizer, bleaching agent and
disinfectant
concentrated hydrogen peroxide is
reactive(used as propellant in rocketry)

 organisms

naturally produce trace

quantities of hydrogen peroxide as
part of the immune response.
usually handled as a dilute solution
(3-6%)
used to bleach wood pulp, in
chemical manufacturing and food
processing

Hydrogen peroxide tends to decompose

exothermically into water and oxygen gas.
The rate of decomposition is dependent on
the temperature and concentration of the
peroxide, as well as the presence of
impurities and stabilizers. The use of a
catalyst (such as manganese dioxide,
silver, or the enzyme catalase) vastly
increases the rate of decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide.

History

1799 -barium peroxide, was synthesized by

Alexander von Humboldt as a by-product of
his attempts to decompose air.

1811 Sodium peroxidewas synthesized by

Thnard andJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac

1818 - Hydrogen peroxide was first described

byLouis Jacques Thnard, who produced it by
treatingbarium peroxidewithnitric acid

1873 -first plant producing hydrogen peroxide

was built only inBerlin
1892 - Giacomo Carrara determined MW of H2O2
by freezing point depression.
1894 -Richard Wolffenstein, produced pure
hydrogen peroxide via vacuum distillation
1908 - The discovery of the synthesis of
hydrogen peroxide byelectrolysiswithsulfuric
acidhad brought the more efficient
electrochemical method.

1934 -English mathematical physicist

William Penneyand the Scottish physicist
Gordon Sutherlandproposed a molecular structure
for hydrogen peroxide which was very similar to
the presently accepted one.

1930s and 40s - Hellmuth Walter pioneered

methods of harnessing the rapid decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide (90% and higher
concentration) in gas turbines and rocket engines.

H2O2 can be produced in three

methods
Wet Chemical Process
Electrochemical Process
Anthraquinone /(AO) autoxidation process

Wet Chemical Process (L. J.

Thenard)

 only

3% aqueous H2O2 solutions

were manufactured using the
barium peroxide process,
production costs were high,
stability was poor.

Electrochemical Process ( Meidinger )

 Electro

Chemical Process
a chemical reaction that either
causes or is caused by the movement
of electrical current.
Advantages
More conc. H2o2
High purity H2o2

Disadvantages
High capital
investment
High electricity
consumption

Anthraquinone process /(AO)

autoxidation process
Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured
almost exclusively by the autoxidation
(AO) process. The process is based on a
reduction of anthraquinone, followed by
oxidation resulting in the formation of
H2O2.

Anthraquinone process /(AO) autoxidation

process

THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured

using

the

anthraquinone

process.

This

process is a cyclic operation where the alkyl

anthraquinone/(AO) autoxidation process is
reused. The Synthesis Loop consists of
sequential

hydrogenation,

filtration,

oxidation and extraction stages.

The Process
Hydrogenation of an anthroquinone
The 2-ethyl derivative of anthraquinone is
generally used in the process.

A solution of the 2-ethylanthraquinone in a

mixed solvent system containing a non-polar
hydrocarbon and a polar solvent, and a
suspension of a nickel or palladium-based
catalyst on a solid support, is hydrogenated
using hydrogen gas at320 K. Reduction to
the 2- alkylanthraquinol occurs. The catalyst
is removed by filtration and recycled.

Oxidation of the anthraquinol

The solution of 2-ethylanthraquinol is then

oxidized by air to a hydroperoxide, which
reacts in water to reform 2ethylanthraquinone and produce a dilute
solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Process flowchart

Extraction of hydrogen peroxide

solution

Water is added to extract the peroxide as an

aqueous solution containing 40% hydrogen
peroxide. The organic solvent layer is
recycled to the hydrogenation unit for
further reaction.

Purification and concentration of

hydrogen peroxide

The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is

treated with organic solvents and by air
being pumped through to remove residual
quinone and solvents and produce the
standard 40% product.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Decomposition
Acidic behavior
Oxidizing nature
Reducing nature
Bleaching action

Grades
3.5%

Pharmaceutical Grade: This is

the grade sold at your local
drugstore or supermarket. This
product is not recommended for
internal use. It contains an
assortment of stabilizers which
shouldnt be ingested. Various
stabilizers include: acetanilide,
phenol, sodium stanate and
tertrasodium phosphate.

 6%

Beautician Grade: This is used in

beauty shops to color hair and is not
recommended for internal use.

30% Reagent Grade: This is used for various

scientific experimentation and also contains
stabilizers. It is also not for internal use.

 30%

to 32% Electronic Grade: This is

used to clean electronic parts and
not for internal use.

35% Technical Grade: This is a more

concentrated product than the Reagent
Grade and differs slightly in that
phosphorus is added to help neutralize any
chlorine from the water used to dilute it.

 35%

Food Grade: This is used in the

production of foods like cheese,

eggs, and whey-containing products.
It is also sprayed on the foil lining of
aseptic packages containing fruit
juices and milk products.THIS IS THE
ONLY GRADE RECOMMENDED FOR
INTERNAL USE.

90%: This is used as an oxygen source

for rocket fuel.

Uses
1. Whiten Clothes An Alternative to
Bleach

2. Health

3. Rejuvenating Detoxifying Bath

4. Foot Fungus

5. Douche

6. Colonic or Enema

7. Infections

8. Bird Mites Infections

9. Sinus Infections

10. Wound Care

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Mouthwash
Toothpaste
Toothbrush
Tooth Ache
Tooth Whitening

16. Hair Lightening

17. Contact Lenses

18.
19.
20.
21.

Straight or Diluted Hydrogen Peroxide

In the Dishwasher
Mold Cleaner
Humidifiers/Steamers

22. Laundry / Stain Removing

23. Washing/Laundry
24. Vegetable Soak

25. Meat Sanitizing

26.Leftover tossed salad
27. Marinade
28. Sprouting Seeds

 Peroxide-Type

Compounds
a class of chemical compounds
that contain oxygen atoms
directly bound to each other.

Inorganic peroxide-type compounds.

The simplest and most important
widespread inorganic peroxide is hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2).

The crystalline lattice of inorganic peroxidetype compounds consists of metal ions in

combination with one of the molecular
oxyanions, O22, O2, or O3.

According to which of these anions is

present, a distinction is made between
peroxides, which contain the anion O22;
superoxides, with the anion O2; and
ozonides, with the anion O3.

Oxidizing strength differs among peroxidetype compounds, which decompose to

release oxygen upon mild thermal or
chemical treatment.

Properties of Peroxide
Salts

Few reactions are generally formulated for

peroxide salt. In excess of dilute acids or
water they release hydrogen peroxide.

Upon heating, the reaction with water leads

to the release of oxygen instead.

7/13/16

Hydrogen peroxide

Most

widely used and known inorganic

peroxide compound.
Most widely synthesized through the
anthraquinone process.
Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from
hydrogen and oxygen is inefficient and
currently is not practiced industrially.
Anthraquinone Process:

Catalyst: Raney nickel, nickel, palladium or

platinum catalyst.

Many peroxides of mineral acids, such

asperoxodisulfates and percarbonates,can
be obtained byanodicoxidation of the
respective acids. The anode material must
be stable to the required high potentials of a
few volts and therefore is either platinum or
its alloys.

Peroxydisulfuric
acidwas
historically
used
for
the
production of hydrogen peroxide
in a method developed in the
early
20th
century.
This process requires relatively
high
concentration
of
peroxydisulfuric acid as its more
dilute solutions evolve oxygen
gas instead of peroxide.

Inorganic Peroxides (aside

from hydrogen peroxide)
Inorganic

peroxides are divided into ionic and covalent

peroxide.
-Ionic -- mostly contains the peroxides of
thealkaliandalkaline earth
metals.
-Covalent -- represented by such compounds as
hydrogen peroxide
andperoxymonosulfuric acid(H2SO5).
In contrast to the purely ionic character of alkali metal
peroxides, peroxides of transition metals have a more
covalent character.

Peroxide Salts

Preparation of peroxide salts

Most alkali metal peroxides can be
synthesized directly by oxygenation of the
elements. Lithium peroxide is formed upon
treating lithium hydroxide with hydrogen
peroxide:
2 LiOH + H2O2 Li2O2 + 2 H2O
Historically, barium peroxide is prepared by
oxygenation of barium oxide at elevated
temperature and pressure.
2 BaO + O2 2 BaO2
7/13/16

Properties of Peroxide
Salts

Few reactions are generally formulated for

peroxide salt. In excess of dilute acids or
water they release hydrogen peroxide.

Upon heating, the reaction with water leads

to the release of oxygen instead.

Properties of Peroxide
Salts
The peroxide anion is a stronger
nucleophile than hydroxide and displaces
hydroxyl
from
oxyanions
e.g.
forming
perborates
and
percarbonates.
Sodium
perborate and sodium percarbonate are
important consumer and industrial bleaching
agents; they stabilize hydrogen peroxide and
limit side reactions. The peroxide anion forms
an adduct with urea, hydrogen peroxide - urea.

Properties of Peroxide
Salts
Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent
and reducing agent. The oxidation of hydrogen
peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet
oxygen. The net reaction of a ferric ion with
hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen.
This proceeds via single electron oxidation and
hydroxyl radicals. This is used in some organic
chemistry oxidations, e.g. in the Fenton's
reagent. Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is
needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to
ferric ion.

Function as a ligand in
coordination chemistry.
Peroxide functions as a bidentate ligand in a
variety of coordination complex. Some complexes
have only peroxide ligands, e.g., chromium(VI)
oxide peroxide (Cr(O2)42-). Similarly, molybdate
reacts in alkaline media with peroxide to form red
peroxomolybdate {Mo(O2)4}2-. The reaction of
hydrogen peroxide with aqueous titanium(IV)
gives a brightly colored peroxy complex that is a
useful test for titanium as well as hydrogen
peroxide. Many transition metal dioxygen
complexes are best described as adducts of
peroxide.
7/13/16

The net reaction of hydrogen

peroxide and permanganate or
manganese dioxide is manganous
ion; however, until the peroxide is
spent some manganous ions are
reoxidized to make the reaction
catalytic. This forms the basis for
common monopropellant rockets.

Applications

Sodium percarbonate is used in such products as

OxiClean and Tide laundry detergent. When
dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen peroxide
and soda ash (sodium carbonate).
H 2O 2

2 Na2CO31.5H2O2 2 Na2CO3 + 3

Some peroxide salts release oxygen upon reaction

with carbon dioxide. This reaction is used in
generation of oxygen from exhaled carbon dioxide
on submarines and spaceships. Sodium or lithium
peroxides are preferred in space applications
because of their lower molar mass and therefore
higher oxygen yield per unit weight.

Applications

Alkali metal peroxides can be used for the

synthesis of organic peroxides. One
example is the conversion of benzoyl
chloride with sodium peroxide to dibenzoyl
peroxide.


SAMPLE PROBLEM
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 34.02 g/mol) is
a chemical compound which is often used in
hair bleach. The concentration of H2O2,
expressed as a weight-weight percent, can
be determined by titration with a standard
solution of potassium permanganate. A
chemist pipets a 10.00 mL aliquot of a liquid
hair bleach, which has a density of 1.1081
grams mL-1, into a flask.

What is the weight percent hydrogen

peroxide present in the bleach if the 10.00
mL aliquot requires 41.91 mL of a 0.07722
M KMnO4 (158.0 g/mol) solution to reach
the end point?
2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O